Analgesia test

II. Analgesia Testing in the Tail Flick Test in Mice... 

Effects of the test substance on the central nervous system should be assessed appropriately. Motor activity, behavioral changes, coordination, sensory/ motor reflex responses, analgesia test (hot plate), proconvulsant activity, barbiturate-induced sleeping time, and body temperature should be evaluated. For example, a functional observation battery, modified Irwin s, or other appropriate tests can be used. 

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Similar to tobacco, lobelia may also have analgesic effects. However, it depends on the mode of administration (Damaj et al. 1997). Intrathecal lobeline produces analgesia on the tail-flick test, but subcutaneous administration is ineffective. On the other hand, subcutaneous lobeline dose-dependently enhances nicotine analgesia. Tolerance develops to this effect of lobeline after 10 days. Lobeline can also produce hyperalgesic effects when administered into the dorsal posterior mesencephalic tegmentum (Hamann and Martin 1994). However, the relevance of this to peripheral administration of lobelia is questionable because chronic injections (IP) of lobeline in rats induced no changes in tail-flick latencies (Sopranzi et al. 1991). 

Interactions are seen between cocaine and the opioid system in analgesia. A synergistic effect occurs when cocaine is combined with a ju agonist (morphine) in the hot-plate test and a k agonist (U69,593) in the hot-plate test (Waddell and Holtzman 1999). Cocaine enhances morphine analgesia in several analgesic paradigms (e.g., formalin test, hot-plate test, and thermal tail-flick test)... 

Interestingly, one study has shown that cocaine may be a direct antagonist at nicotinic receptors (Damaj et al. 1999). Cocaine blocks several of nicotine s effects, including analgesia on the tail-flick test, independent of its monoamine activity or local anesthetic effects. 

Similar to naloxone, majonoside-R2 also reduces stress-induced analgesia measured by the tail-pinch test (Nguyen et al. 1995). 

Table 5.6. WRITHING TEST ANALGESIA AND CLINICAL POTENCY [221]...

Halothane is used as a clinical anesthetic, and all levels of central nervous system depression can be expected, including amnesia, analgesia, anesthesia, and respiratory depression. Levels ranging from 5000 to 3 0,000 ppm can induce anesthesia, whereas 5000-15,000ppm can maintain it. A 30-minute exposure to 4000 ppm caused amnesia and impairment of manual dexterity, whereas similar exposure to 1000 ppm did not alter the outcome on various psychomotor tests. ... 

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