More Terminology

Sugar and salt are examples of compounds that dissolve in water quite readily at room temperature. There are, however, many substances that do not readily dissolve in water. Examples are sand and sawdust. There is some dependence on temperature for the ability to dissolve. Substances that dissolve readily at room temperature in a solvent are said to be soluble in that solvent. Substances that do not dissolve readily in a solvent are said to be insoluble in that solvent. Soluble and insoluble are qualitative descriptors of the behavior of compounds in the presence of a solvent at a given temperature a compound either does dissolve or does not dissolve. 

A solution that has the maximum amount of solute represented by the solubility dissolved in it is said to be saturated at that temperature. The solution is then saturated with the solute so that no more can be dissolved. Such a solution may be characterized by an amount of solute in the container that is undissolved and remains undissolved indefinitely even with continuous shaking or stirring. A solution that does not have this maximum amount dissolved in it at the temperature specified by the solubility data is said to be unsaturated. Such a solution could be made saturated by simply dissolving more solute until the maximum amount is reached. 

A solution may also be supersaturated. A supersaturated solution is one that has more than the maximum amount of solute specified by the solubility dissolved in it at the indicated temperature. It may seem unlikely that any solution would have more solute dissolved than is possible to be dissolved at a given temperature. Yet it is possible. The question is, how do these solutions achieve the supersaturated state The usual technique involves temperature. 

In this discussion, we have stated repeatedly that temperature is a factor. The solubility of a solute in a given solvent does indeed depend on temperature. Usually, as the temperature increases, the solubility increases. It is usually possible to dissolve more solute if the temperature is increased. The exact behavior of solubility versus temperature depends on what the solute and the solvent are. For example, the solubility of sodium acetate in water increases markedly as temperature is increased. However, the solubility of sodium chloride in water increases only slightly, while the solubility of sodium sulfate in water actually decreases with temperature. The sodium acetate-water behavior provides a good example of the process by which a 

Finally, the terms dilute and concentrated are frequently used to (rather loosely) describe the relative amount of a solute that is dissolved in a solvent. Concentrated describes a solution in which there is a relatively large amount of solute dissolved, while dilute refers to a lesser amount. These terms are used when describing solutions of common laboratory acids, such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. These acids are commonly purchased from a 

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A complete overview of the signature schemes with new security properties is given in Chapter 6, after more terminology and classification criteria have been introduced in Chapters 4 and 5. 

The topic of the boundary layer is introduced in Sec. 10.1. The topic is a very large one. It is an active field of fluid mechanics research, so new results are constantly being published. Here we cannot hope to cover the entire topic rather, we intend to show by a few examples what types of solution are obtainable and to impart some feeling for the results of the boundary-layer approach. More terminology is introduced than is necessary for the subject actually treated. This terminology is in common use in the boundary-layer literature it is introduced here to show the student how these common terms relate to the other subjects treated in this book. 

At this juncture one may come across two more terminologies, namely ... 

Whether to consider these heteromolecular associates as real chemical adducts is more terminology than a chemical problem. In most cases investigators truly assume that in systems formed of two alcohols or of two carboxylic acids, specific interaction does not exist. In the case of mixed solvents formed of two carbon acids, that is hue only when components have similar proton affinity, as is the case of a system sueh as aeehe acid-propionie aeid (see further paragraph 9.2.8). 

Before discuss the characteristics of PRV, more terminologies of PRV are explained below ... 

Much more work will have to be done in this important field, however, before either the concepts or the terminology " can be regarded as fully established. 

In the case of fast ions, the terminology of secondary ion emission mass spectrometry (SIMS) is more obvious in that a primary incident beam of ions onto a target releases secondary ions after impact. 

These ambiguities eventuady led the Federal Trade Commission to take action ia the case of cedular plastics and to restrict the use of such terminology (3). This action, ia addition to the prohibition placed on the use of certain terminology, requires the use of a caveat whenever the results of burning tests are cited. Much of the older Hterature, however, as wed as some of the more recent pubHcations, use this restricted terminology. 

The denomination of odors was schematically related to two separate domains, both related to the memory stimulus of an event concomitant with the perception of the odor. One domain was based on an actual reference point that contains the odor vectors the other was associated with an odor stimulus based on imagination, ie, what image is evoked by the stimulus. With such a system, the final descriptive terminology used would more often than not be expressed in esoteric language, causing confusion and even communication breakdown. The work of Jaubert (1) was the origin of a more standardized descriptive system in the field of aroma description. 

When a mixture is saturated, the proper terminology is that the volume occupied by the mixture is saturated by one or more of the components, For air space, which is partially saturated by water vapor, the actual partial pressure of the water vapor may be determined by multiplying the saturation pressure at the space temperature by the relative humidity. 

The Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has published a nomenclature for single-strand organic polymers Pure and Applied Chemistry, 48, 375 (1976)). In addition the Association for Science Education in the UK has made recommendations based on a more general lUPAC terminology, and these have been widely used in British schools. Some examples of this nomenclature compared with normal usage are given in Table 2. 

The general definition of a condensation reaction is a one that involves product formation by expulsion of water (or other small molecule) as a by-product. By this definition, activation and methylolation are also condensations. In more precise terms the chain-building process should be described as a condensation polymerization, however, in the jargon of the phenolics industry, the term condensation is usually reserved for the chain-building process. This terminology is not necessarily observed in the literature [88]. Many literature reports correctly refer to methylolation as a condensation reaction. The molecular weight development of the phenol alcohol adducts may also be classified as a step-polymerization. 

Filtration. .. Section, Title. 1. Terminology. 2. Filtration Models.2.1. Cake Filtration Calculation of the Pressure Drop.. .. http.7/www.wiley-vch.de/contents/ullmann/ull 10295.html [More Results From www.wiley-vch.de]... 

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