Mold fungi

Delayed action cytotoxins that inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids. They are obtained from various molds/fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus). They are colorless to pale-yellow crystalline materials melting above 450°F. The "B" toxins fluoresce blue in the presence of UV light while the "G" toxins fluoresce green. They are only slightly soluble in water, but are soluble in methanol, acetone, and chloroform. Aqueous solutions are "probably stable" and "probably tolerant" to chlorine at purification concentrations. 

Kills bacteria, protozoa, molds, fungi, yeasts, spores and viruses Possible generation of secondary pollutants including ozone and PCO byproducts ... 

Penicillins (A). The parent substance of this group is penicillin G (ben-zylpenidllin]. It is obtained from cultures of mold fungi, originally from Pen-icillium notatum. Penicillin G contains the basic structure common to all penicillins, 6-amino-penicillanic acid (p. 

MOLD Fungi which grow in organic matter and produce their fruiting bodies in a superficial velvet-like layer. 

Allergens Characteristic for the So-Called Environmental Mold Fungi... 

Classification of Mold Fungi Allergens into Families according to AIIFam Database... 

Apart from microorganisms themselves and enzymes, their main metabolites, also other metabilites (toxins, neurotoxins, and inhibitors) have allergenic properties (Table 14.1.3). A wide use of nonpathogenic mold fungi in biotechnological production is related to, among others, the fact that they produce many valuable metabolites. 

Nitrate Reductases. These enzymes have two important functions (38). They serve as a terminal oxidation system in some microorganisms, and in many microorganisms, molds, fungi, and higher plants they are utilized in the assimilation of nitrogen into the cell via production of ammonia, which is subsequently metabolized into cell components. 

Certain types of cheeses are ripened by mold fungi. Indeed, the molds responsible for this action have taken... 

Antimicrobial activity benzyl alcohol is bacteriostatic and is used as an antimicrobial preservative against Gram-positive bacteria, molds, fungi, and yeasts, although it possesses only modest bactericidal properties. Optimum activity occurs at pH below 5 little activity is shown above pH 8. Antimicrobial activity is reduced in the presence of nonionic surfactants, such as polysorbate 80. However, the reduction in activity is less than is the case with either hydroxybenzo-ate esters or quaternary ammonium compounds. The activity of benzyl alcohol may also be reduced by incompatibilities with some packaging materials, particularly polyethylene see Section 12. 

Quinones—some related to more complicated aromatic systems (Chap. 30)— have been isolated from biological sources (molds, fungi, higher plants). In many cases they seem to take part in oxidation-reduction cycles essential to the living organism. 

Leaves wrinkled and discolored. Cause Aphids, These Vm - /s", pear-shaped, green, pink, black, dusty gray, or white fluffy-coated insects cluster on leaves, buds, and young stems. As they feed, they drop sticky honey-dew on lower leaves. Sooty mold fungi often grow on the honeydew on aphid-infested foliage —as well as on the plants growing beneath them see "Leaves with black coat-... 

Pesticide residues are common to many types of food as they protect against molds, fungi, and insects. The actual types of pesticides, and residuals found on foods are tightly regulated by the US Department of Agriculture. While allowed pesticides residues already have low in toxicity, rinsing/washing fresh produce in cold water is recommended. 

Actinomycetes Multicellular organisms intermediate in complexity between bacteria and molds, filamentous bacteria whose mycelium is readily fragmented See bacteria and molds/fungi Normally inhabit soil (antibiotics)... 

Molds, fungi Two or more chromosomes (eukaryote), readily visible multicellular filaments Varies, generally asexually via wind-transmitted spores, also sexually via wind ascospore formation Air, water, and soil (cheeses, antibiotics)... 

Fig. 13.12). There was no degradation of the rails, but the stains looked very unappealing. Microbiological tests showed that the microbes belong to black mold fungi Gonatobotryum sp. and Epicoccum sp. (see above, in Black mold section). 

Mold rating(l, 2—hardly noticeable 3, 4—slightly noticeable 5-7— very noticeable 8,9—severe coverage 10—completely covered by dense mold fungi)... 

USE As fungicide on adhesive tape to reduce plaster irri -tation caused by molds, fungi, and bacterial action. 

Several different types of compounds have been shown to be produced, of which several types may be related to common metabolic pathways. Thus, free fatty acids may be first released as a result of fungal lipase activity. These fatty acids may be oxidized to keto-acids, subsequently being deearboxylated to methyl ketones followed by reduction to secondary alcohols (Hawke, 1966). Different mold fungi possess different types of lipases, which may give rise to clusters of different compounds. Unsaturated fatty acids may be transformed to volatile aldehydes, alcohols and esters by hydroperoxidation by lipoxygenase aetivity (Eriksson, 1974). 

Aldehydes have sometimes been found to be produced by mold fungi. Thus, Law... 

Karahdian et al. (1985a,b) demonstrated the production of l-octen-3-ol, 8-nonen-2-one, 3-octanone, 3-octanol and octanoic acid from linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The use of microbially produced fatty acids for characterization of mold fungi has been suggested (Blomquist et al., 1992). Lipolysis of triglycerides or amino acids may lead to the production of compounds such as 2-methylpropanoic acid, butanoic acid, 2-methylbu-tanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid and octanoic acid (Jolivet and Belin, 1993). The presence of different lipids and lipases in different fungi (Ha and Lindsay, 1993) and under different environmental conditions may explain a great deal of the variation in the volatile compounds produced. 

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