Moisture paper testing

Der Marderosian, A., Raw Material Evaluation through Moisture Resistance Testing, paper presented at in IPC1976 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, IPC-TP-125. 

Vacuum filters are usually simulated with a Buchner funnel test or filter leaf test (54). The measured parameters are cake weight, cake moisture, and filtration rate. Retention aids are usually evaluated using the Britt jar test, also called the Dynamic Drainage Jar, which simulates the shear conditions found on the paper machine and predicts performance (55). 

Testing. The Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPl) gives test methods that are widely used by kaolin suppHers to the paper iadustry. These iaclude tests for viscosity, viscosity stabiUty, brightness, pH, particle size distribution, moisture content, and screen residue (12). 

Moistened filter paper (Whatman No 541) was found to be optimum for collecting the residues from floor surfaces. The filter paper squares containing the powder residues were dried at 50° to remove moisture prior to reactor irradiation. Ba and Sb standards were also prepd to match the geometry of the test samples, and were irradiated under identical conditions... 

Standard analytical procedures were used to evaluate the composition of ingredients. Of the proximate analyses, nitrogen, lipids, and crude fiber were measured by American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) methods (12) and moisture and ash by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods (13). Amino acid analyses were performed by gas-liquid chromatography (14) except for tryptophan, which was analyzed colormetrically Tl5). In addition to these assays, certain tests of ingredient safety or spoilage were also performed, which space does not permit to be reported in this paper, to assure that ingredients met accepted standards for food safety (16). 

Iodine is also used as a test for starch. When placed on starch (a potato for example), iodine turns the starch a dark blue color. Silver iodide is used in the manufacture of photographic film and paper. It is also used to seed clouds because of its ability to form a large number of crystals that act as nuclei upon which moisture in the clouds condenses, forming raindrops that may result in rain. 

A sample of 2.5 g (5.6 mmole) of 2,2 -bipyridinium pentachlorooxomolybdate-(V) is placed in a 100-mL, round-bottomed flask fitted with reflux condenser and a bent guard tube (filled with fused calcium chloride) to avoid entrance of moisture. About 20 mL of ethanol (98%) is added, and the materials are shaken. There is an immediate reddish-pink coloration. The mixture is heated at reflux for about 1 hour, until there is no more evolution of hydrogen chloride (tested with blue litmus paper). The mixture is then filtered through a dry sintered-glass Gooch crucible and washed twice with small quantities of ethanol. The product, a reddish-pink solid, is dried in a vacuum desiccator. Yield 1.5 g (71%). Anal. 

Both of these expls passed the Brit Buxton Test(Ref 10). Barnett(Ref 8) gives for ammonites No 1 and No 5 the same compn AN 75, TNN 5, NaCl 20% plus 0.5% moisture and for ammonite No 4 AN 66, Na nitrate 10, DNN 4 KC1 20%, plus 0.5% moisture. The only difference betn the No 1 and No 5 was that the latter was put up in waxed paper and the former in metal foil cases. Molina(Ref 9a) gives compn of Ital ammonite No 1 as AN 88, DNT 3, vegetable flour 6 NG 3%, plus traces of DPhA... 

Hydrogen Sulphide as an Acid. — In the anhydrous condition, whether as gas or liquid, hydrogen sulphide has no acidic properties. When moist or in aqueous solution, however, it behaves as a feeble acid, whence the occasional name hydrosulphuric acid. For the characteristic test with lead acetate paper or for the reddening of litmus paper, the presence of at least a little moisture is essential.3... 

In this paper, the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of organic compounds from sand spiked with 36 nitroaromatic compounds, 19 haloethers, and 42 organochlorine pesticides, and from a standard reference material certified for 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), dibenzofuran, and pentachlorophenol was examined using a two- and a four-vessel extractor. Although the results achieved by SFE for the sand and the standard reference soil samples were very encouraging, previous data obtained in our laboratory on the standard reference soil and a few other standard reference marine sediments were less favorable. It was therefore decided that an investigation of seven variables for their influence on the analyte recoveries from the standard soil sample would be useful. Two tests were conducted in which these variables were investigated. In Test 1, the seven variables selected were pressure, temperature, moisture content, cell volume, sample size, extraction time, and modifier volume. In Test 2, the seven variables were pressure, temperature, volume of toluene added to the matrix, volume of solvent in the collection vessel,... 

Operators traditionally use coal, gas, or oil, whichever is the cheapest fuel in their area, as the supplemental fuel. For the past 15 years, however, some paper mills have used TDF commercially or on a test basis in hog-fuel boilers.2 The consistent Btu value and low moisture content of TDF in combination with its low cost in comparison to other supplemental fuels make TDF an especially attractive alternative fuel in this industry. 

Petrolatum is widely used as a classic skin moisturizer.110 Its uses range from cosmetic skin care products to dermatological treatments to patch test substrates to tissue paper emollients. As long as people require soft, supple, moisturized skin, petrolatum will be a key ingredient in meeting that requirement. 

In contrast, the basis of cleanser testing has historically been about evaluating dryness and irritation potential. Since 1979 when Frosh and Kligman published a seminal paper on the soap-chamber patch test, cleanser moisturization and mildness have been defined as reduced dryness and damage in comparison to soap.43 As Wolf points out, for decades the desired qualities for soap have... 

Prior to the tests, all the samples were dried in a vacuum oven at 80°C for at least 72 h to minimize the moisture effect and then transferred to a desiccator. Measurements were carried out on a cone calorimeter provided by the Dark Star Research Ltd., United Kingdom. To minimize the conduction heat losses to insulation and to provide well-defined boundary conditions for numerical analysis of these tests, a sample holder was constructed as reported in [14] with four layers (each layer is 3 mm thick) of Cotronic ceramic paper at the back of the sample and four layers at the sides. A schematic view of the sample holder is shown in Figure 19.12. Three external heat fluxes (40, 50, and 60kW/m2) were used with duplicated tests at each heat flux. 

In both experiments, fogging of the breath, reddening of litmus, and smoke with ammonia are noted. With the sodium bromide, the gas is entirely uncolored and no test with iodide starch paper is given. With sodium iodide the gas is at first entirely colorless but when the tube is heated strongly the film of moisture condensing on the walls of the tube becomes slightly brown. No test is given with starch paper. 

Bosisio, R.G., Huy, H.H. 1976. On a method of correcting for basis weight variations in dielectric moisture tests on paper, butter fats and grease samples. J. Microwave Power 12, 309-317. 

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