Moire method

Samples returned to the laboratory after exposure are measured by micrometer prior to laser-moire evaluation micrometer measurements are reproducible only to within 13 micrometers because surface roughness produces an unusually high sensitivity of measurements to placement of the micrometer. Following laser-moire measurements, the samples have in some instances been checked by an electronic dial gage profiling technique. Because there is risk of damage to samples by the stylus of the gage, its use is minimized thus, the statistics are fewer than desired and far less comprehensive than those of the completely nondestructive laser-moire method. Samples are returned to test sites for continued exposure after measurements. 

Dimensional instability of the stone materials on a microscale, mentioned above, has been observed by the laser-moire method as well as by the Fizeau and electronic dial gage methods. However, the difficulty has not been apparent in many of the samples, and the relative effect of the instability may diminish as the magnitudes of roughness and recession increase with exposure time. 

Electronic dial gage measurements of recession were made on the samples of Tables III and IV in an attempt to verify the results of the relatively new laser-moire method. Although the values found were somewhat lower than those from laser-moire, the statistics of the latter are far more voluminous and the sample area surveyed much more comprehensive. Efforts to improve verification are continuing. 

The development of high tech materials such as ceramics or high strength composites requires the application of new powerful tools of theoretical and experimental mechanics in combination with modern computational aids. The application of so-called hybride methods of solid mechanics has been one characteristic trend of development above all for high strength materials. The main points of this paper deal with the utilization of finite element method (PEM) and boundary element method (BEM) for evaluation of ceramic components and carbon fibre composites. Finally the authors intend to give a short survey of new results combining computer mechanics and experiments carried out by means of laser and speckle interferometry and the micro moire method. 

Concerning the scanning micro moire method (6) the analysis of a fringe pattern often performed by use of an image processing system also leads to displacements and related fields at the... 

Michel, B., Will, P., Hoefling, R., and Kuehnert, R., Nondestructive testing of fracture quantities by means of laser interferometry and the scanning micro-Moire-method . 4th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, London, 1987. 

There are many techniques available for measuring internal energy including photo-elasticity, the Moire method, the method of Sachs, " the magnetic method, using stress concentration factors, and the cantilever method. ... 

There are different techniques to evaluate the quantitative stress level in prototype and production products. They can predict potential problems. Included is the use of electrical resistance strain gauges bonded on the surface of the product. This popular method identifies external and internal stresses. Their various configurations are made to identify stresses in different directions. This technique has been extensively used for over a half century on very small to very large products such as toys to airplanes. There is the optical strain measurement system that is based on the principles of optical interference. It uses Moire, laser, or holographic interferometry (2,3,20). 

L. R. Quaife, J. Szarka, K. J. Moynihan, and M. E. Moir. Test-fluid composition and method for detecting leaks in pipelines and associated facilities. Patent US 5049312, 1991. 

Tiessen H, Moir JO. Total and organic carbon. In Carter MR (ed.), Soil Sampling and Method of Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI Lewis Publishers 1993, pp. 187-200. 

The methods used for the determination of the pH of the solution will be described in the following chapter, but in the meantime the evaluation of B and v will be considered. If the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution is greater than 10 g.-ion per liter, i.e., for an acid of medium strength, the hydroxyl ion concentration moir will be less than 10" and so can be neglected in comparison with B then becomes equal to h + On the other hand, for a very weak acid, when the hydrogen... 

Copper (or Cu )-Ascorblc acid. Anbar et aV found that o-iodobenzoic acid is reduced rapidly to benzoic acid by copper (II) ions and ascorbic acid in neutral aqueous solution but that reduction of p-iodobenzoic acid under the same conditions is at least 1,000 times slower. Safe and Moir effected selective reduction of the iodine atom of (1) without disturbance of the nitro group with copper metal and alkaline ascorbic acid. The method failed with the corresponding bromo compound. 

Figure 5. Sections of briquettes in Lucite holders for atmospheric exposure in test racks prior to measurements of stone surface roughness and recession. Teflon bars protect portions of surfaces for reference in measurements by laser holographic moire profiling method.

Optical methods of spectrometer calibration include laser interferometric methods and Moire fringe counting techniques. Since such methods depend on the accurately known wavelength of light (for example, 6328.1983 A for a He-Ne laser at 293 K under standard conditions), they are independent of any assumptions made in the iron foil technique and, thus, are intrinsically more reliable. Moreover, such methods do not require the acquisition of57 Co Mdssbauer sources and reference materials for iron absorber studies and may thus be attractive... 

Tiessen H, Moir JO (1993) Characterization of available P by sequential extraction. In Carter M (ed) Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Lewis, Boca Raton, Florida, p 75-86 Tiessen H, Stewart JWB, Cole CV (1984) Pathways of phosphoms transformations in soils of differing... 

Condron, L.M., Moir, J.O., Tiessen, H. and Stewart, J.W.B. (1 990) Critical evaluation of methods for determining total organic phosphorus in tropical soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, 1261-1266. 

Alternative screening techniques may reduce moire and enhance image quality. One alternative is stochastic screening, also known as random-dot or Irequency-modulated (FM) screening. This method does not rely on linear columns of dots to produce a completed image. Instead, the image is broken into varying concentrations of randomly placed, identically sized dots. 

Functional analyses have suggested that lamins are involved in a number of biological processes, including DNA replication, chromatin organization, cellular differentiation during development, nuclear envelope reassembly following mitosis, and the structural stabilization of the nuclear membrane during interphase (for review, see Moir et al., 1995). Here we describe two methods that we have successfully applied in our laboratories and that have allowed us to analyze functional and dynamic properties of lamins in vivo by the microinjection of cultured cells with either affinity-purified lamin antibodies or with fluorescently labeled lamins. 

---