Model culture

Tourist demographics and product classifications How observable characteristics account for tourist behaviour, understudied groups of tourists, tourists with focused interests, naming of tourist groups Phase and stage models Cultural differences, classifications Muted voices, gender analysis Specialisation Experience outcomes... 

Required Characteristics of a Model Culture for Scale-down Studies... 

Use of Bacillus subtilis as an Oxygen- and pH-Sensitive Model Culture... 

In the next two sections of this chapter we describe by way of examples, detailed practical designs of scale-down bioreactors for investigating the effects of dissolved oxygen and pH gradients and the results obtained. B. subtilis is employed as the model culture given its sensitivity to dissolved oxygen and pH. 

Independent Assays for Provings Virus Removal. Retrovimses and vimses can also be present in culture fluids of mammalian cell lines (15,24). Certainly the absence of vims can be difficult to prove. Model vimses, eg, NIH Rausher leukemia vims and NZB Xenotropic vims, were spiked into fluids being purified, and their removal subsequently vaUdated when subjected to the same purification sequence as used for the product. 

Process Economics. Relative economics of various ceU culture processes depend heavily on the performance of the ceU line in a system and on the cost of raw materials, particularly the medium. Models are usuaUy developed for the various processes using productivity data obtained from smaU-scale experiments (see Pilot AND MiCROPLANTs). Often, for high value products, the process which ensures the shortest time to market may be the process of choice because of other economic criteria. This is especially tme for pharmaceuticals (qv). RehabUity concerns also often outweigh economic considerations in choosing a process for a high value product. 

The production of secondaiy metabohtes has often been characterized using the classical equations of Leudeldng and Piret. However, the complexities of plant cell and tissue cultures have led to revisions to this equation to include fresh cell weight and viability, cell expansion, and culture death phase. Therefore, the production model is written as the following ... 

A model can be defined as a set of relationships between the variables of interest in the system being investigated. A set of relationships may be in the form of equations the variables depend on the use to which the model is applied. Therefore, mathematical equations based on mass and energy balances, transport phenomena, essential metabolic pathway, and physiology of the culture are employed to describe the reaction processes taking place in a bioreactor. These equations form a model that enables reactor outputs to be related to geometrical aspects and operating conditions of the system. 

Verdugo, P. (1984). Hydration kinetics of exocyto.sed mucins in cultured secretory cells of the rabbit trachea a new model. Mucus and Mucosa (Ciba Foundation symposium 109), 212-225. 

Recent research on motivation theories has provided more elaborate models of the factors which drive human behavior and has taken into account issues of individual differences and the influence of the social and cultural... 

The model of human error held by management and the plant culture constitutes the environment in which the data collection system operates. Within this environment, all data collection systems need to address the topics listed in Figure 6.1. These topics, from the types of data collected, to the feedback systems that need to be in place, will be addressed in subsequent sections of this chapter. 

The type of data collected on human error and the ways in which these data are used for accident prevention will vary depending upon the model of error and accident causation held by the management of an organization. This model will also influence the culture in the plant and the willingness of personnel to participate in data collection activities. In Chapters 1 and 2 a number of alternative viewpoints or models of human error were described. These models will now be briefly reviewed and their implications for the treatment of human error in the process industry will be discussed. 

In most instances cultural problems arise because there is misalignment between the new requirements and factors that drive day-to-day behavior— the unwritten rules. One model for the staff motivation process, shown in Exhibit 3-1, illustrates how staff behavior is influenced by ... 

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