Liver of animals

Bone, shell, and coral are not, however, the only biominerals created by living organisms. The kidney and liver of animals, for example, often synthesize biominerals in the form of pathological stones (known as calculi) of varied composition (mostly of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or... 

Table I. Drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in liver of animals.

Figure 14 shows the dynamics of intralobular and portal infiltration intensity in the liver of animals from groups I and II. High intensity of... 

Fig. 14. Dynamics of inflammatory infiltration development in the liver of animals from the group of control and the animals which were administered MFPC Grinization .

The CVB of DNT-derived radioactivity to hepatic macromolecules was independent of the diet at a dose of 10 mg DNTAg (Table I). However, at a dose of 75 nqg/kg, CVB was increased 40% and 90% by supplementing 5% and 10% pectin to the purified diets, respectively. Livers of animals fed Purina 5002 and NIH-07 exhibited significantly greater CVB than animals fed the purified diet with or without pectin supplementation. CVB was increased approximately sixfold when the dose of DNT was increased from 10 to 75 mgAg in animals... 

Vitamin B12 is S5mthesized exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methycobalamin or 5 -deoxyadenosylcobalamin. 

In 1985 it was published [1] that stevioside was completely safe but that metabolically activated steviol was mutagenic in a "Forward Mutation Test". Steviol had to be applied together with the microsomal fraction of liver of animals treated with carcinogenic compounds (polychlorinated biphenyl or phenobarbital plus 5,6-benzoflavone). This publication has led to a confusing discussion between advocates and opponents of the use of Stevia or stevioside. To unravel the problem we must consider the opinion of authoritative international organisations such as OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development) and ICH (International Council of Harmonisation). To accept new substances as food three different mutagenesis tests are accepted and required by the OECD as well as by the ICH. These can be seen in Table 1. 

The anti-inflammatory effects of borage seed oil have been demonstrated in animal models. A diet enriched with borage seed oil (23% GLA) was compared to one with safflower oil (<1% GLA) with regard to effects on acute inflammation induced by monosodium urate crystals, subacute or chronic inflammation caused by Freund s adjuvant in a subcutaneous air pouch, or adjuvant-induced arthritis (Tate et al., 1989). Borage seed oil, but not safflower oil, decreased inflammation in all models. In addition, the ratio of DGLA to AA was five times that in the livers of animals fed safflower oil. 

In view of L-tryptophan s effects and actions on the livers of normal animals, it is of interest to review how L-tryptophan may act on livers of animals subjected to acute or chronic liver injury. 

The influence or effects of L-tryptophan administration on the livers of animals pretreated or posttreated with hepatotoxic chemicals or drugs have been investigated in many studies. Selected studies with a number of commonly used toxic agents are cited. The review deals mainly with biochemical changes rather than with morphologic changes. 

Somewhat similar evidence of a bound form of ascorbic acid was observed in the developing sea urchin egg after the stage of gastrulation (Bl). The bound ascorbic acid was not extracted by cold water or KCl solution and only partially by hot water or cold trichloroacetic acid. But hke the fractions studied in the liver of animals, it was readily extracted by 10 minutes treatment with hot trichloroacetic or metaphosphoric acids. 

Histological examination of lung, heart, spleen and kidney showed no effects. The liver of animals fed an MCPE diet showed grave acinocentral adiposis. 

The amino acids phenylalanine and its hydroxylated derivative, tyrosine, are both catabolised in the livers of animals to fumaric acid and acetoacetic acid via homogentisic acid. This is formed by the oxidation of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, catalysed by the copper containing enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, which requires vitamin C for its activity. The complete sequence is shown in Figure 5.13. The dioxygenase is so called because both the atoms of the... 

Amongst fatty acids, C20 5n-3 is considered as being a potent activator of PPARa in hepatocytes and in vivo, in the liver of animals fed n-3 PUFA diets. C20 5n-3 seem to have both the metabolic (Pawar and Jump, 2003) and structural (Jump, 2002) characteristics for being a PPARa activator. C20 5n-3 is a weak PPARa activator when compared to synthetic agonist such as fenofibrate. However, unlike fenofibrate, PUFAs also display other hypolipidemic effects on other transcription factors. For example, C20 5n-3 is known to suppress the activity of SREBP-lc (Sekiya et al., 2003). 

These data demonstrate that the reduced cardiovascular response to endotoxin, which occurs after repeated administration of small doses of endotoxin, is associated with a reduced capacity of endotoxin to induce iNOS in the lung in vivo. Similarly, Wang and Spitzer (1994) have recently demonstrated a reduced release of NO from the livers of animals made tolerant to endotoxin. 

Figure 23.11 The glycogen found in the muscle and liver of animals is a polysaccharide made of glucose. 

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