Miniaturization trend

The conclusions that can be drawn from the work presented in this chapter emphasize the miniaturization trends currently being pursued in modern analyte extraction techniques. The trends are focused mainly on miniaturization of the core idea of the extraction techniques utilized for analyte extraction from water samples. This has in turn promoted automation and hyphenation of extraction principles with on-line or off-line connection to analytical instruments. 

I f miniaturization trends continue, we will all soon be able to have a computer with the power of a current mainframe contained in a wristwatch or other piece of jewelry. To that end, many people have embraced the current crop of portable systems. A portable computer is any computer that contains all the functionality of a desktop computer system but is portable. Most people s definition of portable is defined in terms of weight and size. Just so that we can discuss things on the same level, let s define portable as less than 20 pounds and smaller than an average desktop computer. 

The advances In technology that have driven the miniaturization trends have created a complex situation for microanalysis that ceui only become more complex In the future. 

The future of electronic circuits capable of information storage and processing greatly depends on the continued miniaturization trend that we have seen since the invention of the transistor. The long run of semiconductor-based devices fabricated with lithographic techniques seems to be near its end as we are quickly approaching their lowest possible sizes both from intrinsic properties and manufacturing standpoints. In this context, molecular devices appear as an ideal way to overcome these difficulties and continue the circuit... 

These points, the potential of MS and the recent developments in the field of MS account for the increasing popularity of (ESI- and MALDI)-MS and explains why MS has naturally been associated with the recent miniaturization trend and the recent appearance of microfabricated and microfluidic systems. 

As miniaturization trends continue, and memory devices continually reach higher densities, this material demonstrates unique appeal due to the inherent nanoscale dimensions of the individual components of the nanocomposite. In order to show that even extremely small amounts of the nanocomposite material display the memory effect, a nanoscale writing or reading process is carried out using a conductive AFM tip in direct contact with the polyaniline nanofiber-gold nanoparticle thin... 

The explosive growth of semiconductor industry has been fueled by the relentless pursuit for miniaturization of semiconductor devices. The minimal feature sizes or critical dimensions (CDs) of semiconductor devices in mass production have shrunk from 10p,m more than 30 years ago to less than 100 nm in 2005. According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, this miniaturization trend is expected to continue unabated with the production of sub-25 nm generations of devices later next decade [1]. The miniaturization of semiconductor devices has made it possible to offer a host of sophisticated devices and equipment, from super computers, personal computers, personal digital assistants, cellular phones to medical devices and household appliances, with ever increasing performance at steadily reduced prices per transistor or bit. 

Due to the ongoing miniaturization trend of electronic devices and for meeting some critical application requirements, several techniques and approaches for improving the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the epoxy resins have been employed. Actually, all the modern-day electronic devices contain at least one printed wired board to support... 

FUp-chip attachment with Pb-free solders is shown to present unique assembly and reliability issues pertaining to the underbump metallurgy. Miniaturization trends in the electronic industry continue with ever-smaller interconnection schemes. The implications of compositional changes have been demonstrated to have associated reliability consequences. 

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