Operator array

A variety of colors, such as green, amber, and red (and infrared), can be obtained with different semiconductor materials without the need for a filter (see Ch. 13, Table 13.4). A LED (or photodiode) device may consist of multiple diodes in an array operating in the reverse-bias mode. Patterns of light showing symbols, letters, or numbers can thus be produced with different colors obtained by doping the semiconductor material by CVD or ion implantation. 

The use of a linear detector array in the image plane of a polychromator in place of the fluorescence monochromator in Figure 12.1 enables the parallel data accumulation of complete fluorescence spectra. Silicon photodiode arrays, operated in a CCD mode(34) are the most widely used detector elements. The spectral response of the diodes enables fluorescence to be detected from the near-UV up to ca. 1100 nm with a peak response in the near-IR. Up to 8192 elements are now available commercially in a single linear array at low cost. However, the small length of each element (ca. 10 [im) presently limits sensitivity and hence cylindrical lens demagnification is often necessary. 

MOSFET sensors were divided into two arrays of five sensors each, one array operating at 140°C and the other at 170°C ... 

Fig. 17. Agilent reflector array operation. Millimeter-wave reflector array panel alters the phase of the transmitted wavefront to allow high-speed digitally controlled focusing over a range of target voxel locations...

In order to achieve maximum vectorization of array operations there can be no interruptions in execution, such as a conditionality which excludes some members of an array from a particular operation. However, since conditionalities are often required, some means of incorporating them in a vectorizable manner must be found. To illustrate the effect of conditionality and vector length on the ASC consider the following Fortran ... 

Finally, most doubly or triply subscripted array operations can execute as a single vector instruction on the ASC. To demonstrate the hardware capabilities of the ASC,the vector dot product matrix multiplication instruction, which utilizes one of the most powerful pieces of hardware on the ASC, is compared to similar code on an IBM 360/91 and the CDC 7600 and Cyber 174. Table IV lists the Fortran pattern, which is recognized by the ASC compiler and collapsed into a single vector dot product instruction, the basic instructions required and the hardware speeds obtained when executing the same matrix operations on all four machines. Since many vector instructions in a CP pipe produce one result every clock cycle (80 nanoseconds), ordinary vector multiplications and additions (together) execute at the rate of 24 million floating point operations per second (MFLOPS). For the vector dot product instruction however, each output value produced represents a multiplication and an addition. Thus, vector dot product on the ASC attains a speed of 48 million floating point operations per second. 

SMA Submillimeter Array, large interferometer array operating on the top of Mauna Kea, Hawaii, operating at the millimeter wavelength range that allows high-resolution studies of protostellar environments. 

The array operates with a progressively greater potential being applied sequentially to the electrodes of each consecutive unit. This results in all the solutes migrating through the array until each reaches the unit that has the required potential to permit its oxidation or reduction. 

High frequency applications in which the wavelength is comparable to the scale of the composite macrostructure, show the full potential of composite structures. Impedance, bandwidth, and radiation pattern can be controlled in such systems in a sophisticated manner impossible in single-phase systems. By prepoling PZT fibers or ribbons before the assembly of the composite, it is possible to construct polar solids of new type for use in complex transducer arrays operating in scanning and focusing modes. 

The maximum of P = IgNg = Sggo(y), i e., the maximum hydrogen production rate is realized when the solar array operates at its MPP. The expression for the electric power generated by the solar array may be written asW(V)=IgV=Sgfo(V)V. From the condition of the maximum power, dW/dV=0, it follows that... 

The aim of the consideration is to compute the optimum conditions of the plant operation regime, whereby the array operates at the maximum power point ... 

Two array operations are particularly common accessing an arbitrary array element by its positions in the array using indexing and looping over each element of the array in order using the foreach loop. Considering indexing first, to copy the third element of clones into a variable named third clone, the statement would be written as... 

The first-pass RO unit is a three-stage (2 1 1) array and the recovery is 75%. The permeate flows to the second-pass RO unit and the reject flows to drain. The second-pass RO unit is a two-stage (1 1) array operating at a recovery of 90%. The reject flows back to the first-pass RO pump inlet. The second-pass permeate conductivity is <0.2 pS/cm. The overall recovery of the double-pass RO system is 69%. Caustic soda solution is injected in the second-pass feed water fine (first-pass permeate) to raise the pH from 6.0 to 8.0. At alkaline pH, free CO2 in water is converted to sodium bicarbonate, which is easily rejected by the RO membrane. 

The secondary RO (SRO) system consists of two trains operating in parallel. Each unit is a three-stage (5 2 1) array operating at an average flux of20 Imh. The high quality of the MF filtrate (SDK 3) made it possible to operate the SRO units at 85-90% product water recovery. The SRO permeate is adjusted for pH with HCl and blended with the PRO feed water or used as potable water in the automotive plant. 

Figure 13.8 Schematic of CCD-array operation read-out shifting of charges along a pixel row to a gate electrode (left), which are generated by light absorption and accumulation in temporary potential wells (right)...

All array memory operators (AREAD and AWRITE) are bound to memory modules. A memory module of the appropriate bit and word size is created for each array. A memory module has an output port and a maximum of 3 input ports, numbered 2, 3, and 4, to correspond to the address, data, and bit offset inputs to the array operator, respectively. Since an AREAD operator does not have a data input, a read-only memory does not need input port 3. 

A UME array operating as a working electrode in an electrochemical experiment can be run in two principal modes, (a) In parallel mode all electrodes are connected by a single common wire to a potentiostat, so that identical currents or potentials are applied to all electrodes in the array (b) in addressable mode, electrodes... 

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