Microscopy cross-sections

No details on mixer in [109]) [P 25] By use of confocal microscopy, cross-sectional concentration profiles were derived in a Y micro mixer (see Figure 1.58) [70]. At the top and bottom of the channel large fluorescent areas were found, while this region thinned in the channel center. The experimental images perfectly match the simulated concentration profiles. 

Surface topography of Kapton polyimide as-received, seeded with copper, after the 450°C heat treatment, and after removal of copper oxide by acid etching was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Cross-sectional analysis of Kapton seeded with copper and after 450°C heat treatment was carried out by transmission electron microscopy. 

Figure 3.14 Scanning electron microscopy cross-sectional image of 6FDA-MDA polyimide membrane. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [219],...

Figure 8. Atomic force microscopy cross-sectional scan of spun cast superlattice. Si silicon substrate PS polystyrene layer l ABD-grafied PMMA compound 1.

Figure 5.43. Cellulose acetate membrane structures are shown by complementary techniques. The optical micrograph (A) shows an overview of the membrane, cast on a woven fabric support (bottom). A surface layer (arrows) is observed above large, rounded macrovoids (F). Scanning electron microscopy cross sections reveal these macrovoids in more detail (B) and also show the nature of the fine pores (C). A TEM micrograph (D) of a section near the surface (arrowheads) reveals a dense layer, with a porous microstructure, shown more clearly at higher magnification (E).

Another use of microscopy is the study of competitive materials, which is similar to doing failure analysis as the full nature of the material is not known. In this example, the question was to learn the nature of the process used to make a dual ovenable food tray. Transmission electron microscopy cross sections, stained with... 

Figure 5.90. Transmission electron microscopy cross section of a dual ovenable food tray reveals a bilayer construction with neat PET (left side) at the shiny surface and submicrometer modifier particles with a sharp interface outlined by the stain formed by coextruding a multilayer construction. (From Wood [52] unpublished.)...

One more significant aspect of modem microscopy is the quantitative interpretation of the images in terms of the microstmcture of the object. Although most microscopes include or can be combined with powerful image processing systems, the interpretation of the contrast is still the main problem. On the other hand, reliable micromorpbological information could be easily obtained from a set of thin flat cross sections which reveal only density information, from which case accurate two- and three-dimensional numerical parameters of the internal microstmcture could be calculated. 

Considering existing microscopical techniques, one can find that non-destmctive information from the internal stmcture of an object in natural conditions can be obtained by transmission X-ray microscopy. Combination of X-ray transmission technique with tomographical reconstmction allows getting three-dimensional information about the internal microstmcture [1-3]. In this case any internal area can be reconstmcted as a set of flat cross sections which can be used to analyze the two- and three-dimensional morphological parameters [4]. For X-ray methods the contrast in the images is a mixed combination of density and compositional information. In some cases the compositional information can be separated from the density information [5]. Recently there has been a... 

A first example of application of microtomography is taken from life sciences. Here X-ray microscopy and microtomography allows to reconstruct the internal three-dimensional microstructure without any preparation and sometimes even of living objects. Fig. la shows an X-ray transmission microscopical image of bone (femoral head). Several reconstructed cross-sections are shown in Fig.lb. Fig.lc shows the three-dimensional reconstruction of this bone. 

Figure 6 High-resolution transmission electron microscopy image of an epitaxial thin film of Y Ba2Cu307 j, grown on LaAI03, shown in cross section. (Courtesy of T. E. MKchell, Los Alamos National Laboratory)...

The earliest observations of carbon nanotubes with very small (nanometer) diameters [151, 158, 159] are shown in Fig. 14. Here we see results of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, providing evidence for m-long multi-layer carbon nanotubes, with cross-sections showing several concentric coaxial nanotubes and a hollow core. One nanotube has... 

Similar to prepared metallographic samples, the injection molded samples were cut along the flow direction, smoothed, and polished in order to expose their internal surface. After proper etching, the treated surfaces of the flank cross-section were photographed using a polarized light optical microscopy. Based on the color differences between the TLCP and matrix, volume fraction and aspect ratio of the TLCP fibers were measured [23]. 

When myofibrils are examined by electron microscopy, it appears that each one is constructed of two types of longimdinal filaments. One type, the thick filament, confined to the A band, contains chiefly the protein myosin. These filaments are about 16 run in diameter and arranged in cross-section as a hexagonal array (Figure 49-2, center right-hand cross-section). 

Figure 16 (a) Schematic for obtaining a thin microtomed cross-section for FTIR microscopy... 

---