Microprocessor, microprocessors

Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the vibrometer, in which the most sensible to small phase variations interferometric scheme is employed. It consists of the microwave and the display units. The display unit consists of the power supply 1, controller 2 of the phase modulator 3, microprocessor unit 9 and low-frequency amplifier 10. The microwave unit contains the electromechanical phase modulator 3, a solid-state microwave oscillator 4, an attenuator 5, a bidirectional coupler 6, a horn antenna 7 and a microwave detector 11. The horn antenna is used for transmitting the microwave and receiving the reflected signal, which is mixed with the reference signal in the bidirectional coupler. In the reference channel the electromechanical phase modulator is used to provide automatic calibration of the instrument. To adjust the antenna beam to the object under test, the microwave unit is placed on the platform which can be shifted in vertical and horizontal planes. 

The electronic block, which includes block of the analysis and registration and control system engines, and block of the source-receiver of acoustic oscillations are universal for any installations of this type. As the source-receiver of acoustic oscillations the ultrasonic flow detector is usually use. It s, as a rule, the serial devices for example y/f2-12. The electronic block contains the microprocessor device or PC, device of the power supply and management of engines... 

Another example of deahng with molecular structure input/output can be found in the early 1980s in Boehiinger Ingelheim. Their CBF (Chemical and Biology Facts) system [44] contained a special microprocessormolecular structures. Moreover, their IBM-type printer chain unit had been equipped with special chemical characters and it was able to print chemical formulas. 

A typical layout controlled by the central microprocessor (CPU). Electrical inputs are received from the keyboard, mouse, or instrument. Outputs go to the video screen, printer, and the instrument. Memory and software are utilized hy the CPU on command. 

A very simple illustration in which information from two inputs is dealt with sequentially (serially) by a microprocessor. Input 1 is accepted, and the left-hand series of instructions (program 1) are carried out. Then, Input 2 is examined, and the right-hand set of instructions is followed through. The processes are iterated. If each program (1, 2) takes 1 msec, the total time for one iteration is 2 msec. 

Because the transputer has a 32-bit processor and fast access to considerable quantities of on-chip RAM, it has been called a computer on a chip. Transputers are inherently faster than microprocessors, which have to refer to RAM outside the chip on which they reside. Thus the 100-nsec cycle time used in the above illustration may be only 50 nsec when carried out on the transputer chip. 

Microprocessors (transputers), with the help of a special language (Occam), can handle flows of information in a parallel fashion instead of sequentially (serially), thereby greatly increasing the speed of operation. Transputers also control the flow of information by communicating with each other. 

Movement of information (operations) in a computer is controlled by a microprocessor. 

Each transputer is a microprocessor with its own memory banks and its own built-in operating mode similar to a conventional microprocessor, but a transputer has additional input and output channels enabling it to communicate with other transputers. For example, in one simple mode, five transputers could be coupled so that four of them were carrying out operations at the same time (in parallel) but controlled by the fifth. 

The Aromax process was developed in the early 1970s by Toray Industries, Inc. in Japan (95—98). The adsorption column consists of a horizontal series of independent chambers containing fixed beds of adsorbent. Instead of a rotary valve, a sequence of specially designed on—off valves under computer control is used to move inlet and withdrawal ports around the bed. Adsorption is carried out in the Hquid phase at 140°C, 785—980 kPA, and 5—13 L/h. PX yields per pass is reported to exceed 90% with a typical purity of 99.5%. The first Aromax unit was installed at Toray s Kawasaki plant in March 1973. In 1994, IFP introduced the Eluxyl adsorption process (59,99). The proprietary adsorbent used is designated SPX 3000. Individual on-off valves controlled by a microprocessor are used. Raman spectroscopy to used to measure concentration profiles in the column. A 10,000 t/yr demonstration plant was started and successfully operated at Chevron s Pascagoula plant from 1995—96. IFP has Hcensed two hybrid units. 

In addition, most devices provide operator control of settings for temperature and/or response slope, isopotential point, zero or standardization, and function (pH, mV, or monovalent—bivalent cation—anion). Microprocessors are incorporated in advanced-design meters to faciHtate caHbration, calculation of measurement parameters, and automatic temperature compensation. Furthermore, pH meters are provided with output connectors for continuous readout via a strip-chart recorder and often with binary-coded decimal output for computer interconnections or connection to a printer. Although the accuracy of the measurement is not increased by the use of a recorder, the readabiHty of the displayed pH (on analogue models) can be expanded, and recording provides a permanent record and also information on response and equiHbrium times during measurement (5). 

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