Microbiological methods

Fox, A., Morgan, S.L., Larsson, L., and Oldham, G., Analytical Microbiology Methods Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Plenum Press, New York, 1990. 

ASTA has also made available a manual of microbiological methods (10) which contains 22 different procedures for the detection and enumeration of microorganisms occurring in spices. A handbook on clean spices for ASTA members (11) is available. 

Official Microbiological Methods of The American Spice Trade Association, 1st ed., American Spice Trade Association, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1976. 

Riboflavin can be assayed by chemical, en2ymatic, and microbiological methods. The most commonly used chemical method is fluorometry, which involves the measurement of intense yeUow-green fluorescence with a maximum at 565 nm in neutral aqueous solutions. The fluorometric deterrninations of flavins can be carried out by measuring the intensity of either the natural fluorescence of flavins or the fluorescence of lumiflavin formed by the irradiation of flavin in alkaline solution (68). The later development of a laser—fluorescence technique has extended the limits of detection for riboflavin by two orders of magnitude (69,70). 

Although riboflavin can be assayed more readily by chemical or microbiological methods than by animal methods, the latter are preferred for nutritional studies and as the basis of other techniques. Such assays depend upon a growth response the rat or chick is the preferred experimental animal. This method is particularly useful for assaying riboflavin derivatives, since the substituents frequently reduce or eliminate the biological activity. 

Ketones may be prepared from 5a- and 5/5-saturated-3-ketones, A -3-ketones, A -3-ketones and 5a-A -3-ketones. At one time it was the only direct chemical alternative to microbiological methods for the preparation of the prednisone type of corticoids. A -Double bond formation is not observed, although A -trienones can be prepared from A -3-ketones. In common with DDQ, selenium dioxide is not normally useful for the preparation of A -3-ketones from 5a-3-ketones or A -3-ketones from 5j5-3-ketones. 

The identical synthetic procedures applied to ( + )-inositol or dl-inositol should lead to ( + )-proto-quercitol and DL-proto-quercitol, respectively. Since the total synthesis of DL-inositol had previously been reported (33), the new syntheses of the various forms of proto-quercitol are total, with the possible exception of the step for resolution of DL-inositol, which so far has been accomplished only by a microbiological method (43). 

Gravimetric, photometric, chromatographic, enzymatic, and microbiological methods for the determination of amino acids are reviewed and discussed. Marked advances have been made during the present decade in methods applicable to the determination of amino acids, and with the development of new analytical methods it should soon be possible to determine all the amino acids of biological importance with a degree of accuracy sufficient for practical as well as many theoretical purposes. 

The percentages of amino acids in silk fibroin which Poison et al. (224) found by direct visual and indirect photometric analysis of ninhydrin paper-partition chromatograms are shown in Table VII. The percentages obtained for alanine, glycine, and serine appear to be reasonably accurate, inasmuch as they agree closely with those found by other methods. It would be of interest to determine alanine by the microbiological method reported recently by Sauberlich and Baumann (238), in view of the widely different values found for this amino acid by the described ninhydrin-chromatographic procedure and the selec-... 

Recent Advances in Microbiological Methods. Chemistry of Gram Staining and of the Feulgen and Dische Reactions for Nuclear Material, M. Stacey, Nature, 171 (1953) 507. 

Stannard C. J., Petit S.B. Skinner F. A. (1989) Rapid Microbiological Methods for Foods, Beverages and Pharmaceuticals. Society of Applied Bacteriology Technical Series No. 25. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications. 

Denyer S.P. (1990) Monitoring microbiological quality application of rapid microbiological methods to pharmaceuticals. In Guide to Microbiological Control in Pharmaceuticals (eds S.P. Denyer R.M. Baird), pp. 146-156. Chichester Ellis Horwood. 

Morgan P, RJ Watkinson (1989b) Microbiological methods for the cleanup of soil and ground water contaminated with halogenated organic compounds. FEMS Microbiol Revs 63 277-300. 

Tchetche, A. G., Quantitative determination of vitamin PP or niacin in Coffea canephora var. robusta by a microbiological method using Lactobacillus arabinosus, Colloq. Sci. Int. Cafe, 8, 147, 1977. (CA92 196459)... 

Baiba, M., Al-Awadhi, N., and Al-Daher, R., Bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil Microbiological methods for feasibility assessment and field evaluation, J Microbiol Methods, 32 (2), 155-164, 1998. 

Kurashov, V. M., Microbiological method of sulfur and nitrogen content decrease in petroleum and hydrogen sulfide in deposit waters and casing-head gases. Patent No. RU2137839. 1999, Sep. 20. 

Davison, M. J. Microbiological method for the removal of contaminants from coal. Patent No. W08601820. 1986, March 27. 

Kurashov, V. M., Microbiological method for enriching petrol and petroleum products by isoparaffin and aromatic hydrocarbons with simultaneous removal of injurious additives and means for carrying out said method. Patent No. WO0246445. 2002, June 13. 

The USP 28 [1], European Pharmacopoeia [2], BP 2003 [4], and Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996 [7] use the liquid chromatography method as described above in Section 2.2.2 for the assay of oxytetracycline. The International Pharmacopoeia 1988 [5], Pharmacopoeia of the People s Republic of China [6], Indian Pharmacopoeia [7], and Indonesian Pharmacopoeia [8] use a microbiological method. This methodology will be described in more detail in a later section. 

For assaying oxytetracycline content in injections, tablets, capsules, ointments, and oral suspensions, the United States Pharmacopoeia 28 [1] uses a liquid chromatography method described in the assay under oxytetracycline. For oxytetracycline and Nystatin capsules and for oral suspension, United States Pharmacopoeia 28 [1] uses a microbiological method listed under antibiotics-microbial assays <81>. 

United States Pharmacopoeia 28 [1] describes a microbiological method under antibiotics-microbial assays for the analysis of OTC and nystatin capsules, OTC and nystatin for oral suspension, OTC HC1 and hydrocortisone ointment, and OTC HC1 and polymyxin B sulfate ointment. The methods are relative rather than absolute, which are based on the determination of the level of oxytetracycline by a microbiological response to a series of standard oxytetracycline concentrations by a... 

The microbiological methods used for the determination of CTC potency in body tissues and fluids, bulk products, and pharmaceutical formulations can be separated into two testing procedures (1) agar diffusion plate method (cylinder-plate) and (2) turbidimetric method. 

---