Non-animal methods

Worth AP, Balls M (eds) (2002) Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemicals testing current status and future prospects. A report prepared by ECVAM and the ECVAM working group on chemicals. ATLA 30(Suppl 1), pp 125... 

The UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs held a workshop on 10 June 2005 on Solutions to REACH Non-Animal Methods for Toxicology Testing . 

Because of the limitations of individual alternative (non-animal) methods for predicting toxicological hazard, there is a growing emphasis on the use of integrated approaches that combine the use of two or more alternative tests. This has led to the concept of the integrated testing strategy, which has been defined as follows (Blaauboer et al., 1999) ... 

An important principle in the design of many strategies for hazard classification is that chemicals that are predicted to be toxic in an early step are classified without further assessment. Conversely, chemicals that are predicted to be non-toxic proceed to the next step for further assessment. In this way, it is intended that toxic chemicals will be identified by non-animal methods, while the animal tests performed at the end of the stepwise procedure will merely serve to confirm predictions of non-toxicity made in previous steps. 

These refer to methods which permit a given purpose to be achieved without conducting experiments or other scientific procedures on animals [5]. A scientist s long-term aim should be to replace all experiments on living animals through the development and use of suitable non-animal methods. Replacement alternatives include ... 

Survey of the QSAR and in Vitro Approaches for Developing Non-animal Methods to Supersede the in Vivo LD50 Test. 

Eskes C., Bessou S, Bruner L, Curren R, Harbell J, Jones P., Kreiling R, Liebsch M, McNamee P, Pape W, Prinsen M, Seidle T, Vanparys P, Worth A, Zuang V (2005). Subchapter 3.3. Eye irritation. In Eskes C, Zuang V (eds) Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing current status and future prospects. ATLA 33(1), 47-81... 

Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing current status and future prospects—2010. Arch Toxicol 85 367M 85... 

Principal component analysis and QSAR were used to analyze various biological test systems for the quantification of ecotoxic compounds [808]. The QSAR of in vitro approaches for developing non-animal methods to substitute the in vivo LDso test has been reviewed [809]. 

AltTox.org. Non-animal methods for toxicity testing, http //www.alttox.org/... 

Aebersold, R, 2012. FDA experience with medical countermeasures under the animal rule. Adv. Prev. Med. 2012,11. . AltTox, 2013. Non-animal methods for toxicity testing, (accessed 20.01.14). 

Basketter, D., Clewell, H., Kimber, I., et al., 2012. A roadmap for the development of alternative (non-animal) methods for systemic toxicity testing- -report. ALTEX 29, 3-91. 

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