Microalgae carotenoids

Hejazi, M.A. et al.. Selective extraction of carotenoids from the microalga Dunaliella salina with retention of viability, Biotechnol Bioeng., 79, 29, 2002. 

Chen, F. et al.. Isolation and purification of the bioactive carotenoid zeaxanthin from the microalga Microcystis aeruginosa by high-speed counter-current chromatography, J. Chromatogr, 1064, 183, 2005. 

Other applications — P-carotene is used in various pet foods as both a colorant and a precursor to vitamin A. It can be applied to an array of animal foods designed for dogs, cats, fish, and birds. The antioxidant and precursory vitamin A properties increase the appeal and application of P-carotene in pet foods. Additionally, P-carotene is an important carotenoid that may assist in improving the color of birds, fish, and crustaceans. Dunaliella salina can serve as a source of algal feed for fish and crustaceans. The microalgae provide carotenoids that are essential for flesh coloring, particularly of salmon and crustaceans. 

The red microalga genus Porphyridium is a source of biochemicals possessing nutritional and therapeutic values. The biochemicals include polysaccharides that have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids such as zeaxanthin, and fluorescent phycobiliproteins. 

The red microalga Porphyridium aerugineum is a source of blue color. This species is different from other red microalgae in that it lacks red phycoerythrin and its phycocyanin is C-phycocyanin rather than the R-phycocyanin that accompanies phycoerythrin found in many red algae and in other Porphyridium species. However, the biochemicals produced by P. aerugineum are similar to those of other red microalgae, e.g., sulfated polysaccharides, carotenoids, and lipids. An alternative source of C-phycocyanin is Spirulina platensis. ... 

Del Campo, Garcla-Gonzalez, M., and Guerrero, M.G. 2007. Outdoor cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production current state and perspectives. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 74 1163-1174. 

Because of their considerable role in human wellfare, carotenoids have been measured not only in plants as primary sources and in human and animal tissues but also in a wide variety of other matrices to find new and economical sources for carotenoids. Thus, the carotenoid accumulation capacity of algae and microalgae have been vigorously investigated. A validated liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry method have been developed and employed for the separation and quantitative determination of... 

Kopecky, J., Schoefs, B., Loest, K., Stys, D., and Pulz, A. 2000. Microalgae as a source for secondary carotenoid production a screening study. O. Arch. Hydrobiol. Algol. Stud. 98, 153-168. 

In a previous work, we studied the possibility of extracting antioxidants from microalgae Spirulina platensis using ASE with different solvents (33-34). Likewise, other authors have studied the carotenoids extraction from microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and Dunaliella salina using ethanol as solvent and ASE (35). 

There are lots of research applications published regarding PLE and analysis of various compoimds in food and agricultural materials, for example pesticides in rapeseed (38), babyfood (39) and strawberries (40), lipids in com and oats (41) and in egg-containing foods (42), acrylamide in food samples (43), carotenoids in processed food (44), xanthones and flavanones in root bark (45), tocopherols in seeds and nuts (46), antioxidants in microalgae (47) and anthocyanins and total phenolics in dried red grape skin (48). More discussions... 

Astaxanthin is a high-value carotenoid produced from microalgae that is produced commercially. Astaxanthin is ubiquitous in nature, especially in the marine environment, and is responsible for eliciting the pinkish-red hue to the flesh of salmonids, shrimp, lobster and crayfish. Cultivation methods have been developed to produce Haematococcus containing 1.5-3.0% astaxanthin by dry weight, with potential applications as a pigment source in aquaculture, poultry feeds and in the nutraceutical area. " ... 

Carotenoids and chlorophyll bleaching in autotrophic and heterotrophic cultures of the green microalga Scenedesmus acutus cultured for 24 h in the presence of 1 nM norflurazon or oxyfluorfen... 

Figure 3. A,B Changes of chlorophyll and carotenoid content of the microalga Scenedesmus acutus under the influence of oxyfluorfen (1 /jM). Curve A indicates alleviation of oxyfluorfen activity when 1 /xM DCMU (diuron) is given simultaneously. C Light-induced ethane formation during treatment of the cells with 1 /xM oxyfluorfen over 24 h (12),...

Photosynthetic Carotenoids p-carotene. Natural food coloring. Microalgae D. salina, S. maxima. Vitamin A precursors. Ben-Amotz, 1993 Gregory,... 

Finally, photoaccliniation and chromatic accHmation depend on the microalgae species. For example, Lubian et al. (2000) demonstrated that N. oculata had lower concentrations of carotenoids and larger Chi a concentration per cell compared with N. gaditana and N. salina for cultures grown under the same conditions. 

Pilon, 2014). Then, Chi a and carotenoids concentrations increased between times 50 and 200 h for the culture grown under 7500 lux and between 75 and 180 h for those grown under 10,000 lux. This was due to upregulation of pigments by microalgae during the exponential growth... 

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