Acetate metabolism

Dickinson J.R., Dawes I.W., Boyd A.S.F. Baxter R.L. (1983) C NMR studies of acetate metabolism during spomlation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 80, 5847-5851. 

Acetate Metabolism of Certain Wood-Destroying Molds and the Mechanism of Wood Decay. Arch. Biochem. 14, 229 (1947). 

K. Nicolay, K. J. Hellingwerg, R. Kaptein, W. N. Konings (1982) Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of acetate metabolism in intact cells of Rhodopsedomonas sphaeroides, Biochimica etBiophysiea Acta, 250-258... 

Fig. 9. Pathway duplication the methyl citrate cycle and the glyoxylate shunt. A pathway for acetate metabolism in E. coli that uses the glyoxylate shunt is depicted on the right. Part of the methyl citrate cycle, a pathway for propionate metabolism, is depicted on the left. The pathways are analogous furthermore, three of the four steps are catalyzed by homologous enzymes. PrpE (propionyl-CoA synthase) is homologous to AcsA (acetyl-CoA synthase). PrpC (2-methyl-citrate synthase) is homologous to GltA (citrate synthase). PrpB (2-methyl-isocitrate lyase) is homologous to AceA (isocitrate lyase). The third step in the methyl citrate cycle has been suggested to be catalyzed by PrpD the second half of the reaction (the hydration) can be catalyzed by aconitase.

In the meantime, all of the higher intermediates shown in Fig. 2 have been tested and numerous comprehensive surveys of this work have appeared (24, 81—83, 91, 93, 112, 113, 132). Some of these simultaneously describe the formation of secondary aromatic substances in wood, i.e. lignans, tannins, flavonoids, etc., which arise by essentially similar routes coupled with acetate metabolism. A few outstanding recent developments may bear repetition here. 

The terpenoids are secondary metabolites that are found in essential oils, resins, tissues of higher plants and micro-organisms, whilst recently some have also been located in liverworts [5,6]. The terpenoids are formed from linear arrangements of isoprene units, Fig. (1), which are derived from acetate metabolism through mevalonic acid (MVA). This pathway was found to be common to the whole range of natural terpenoid derivatives... 

The biochemical isoprene units may be derived by two pathways, by way of intermediates mevalonic acid (MVA) (Figure 5.4) or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (deoxyxylulose phosphate DXP) (Figure 5.6). Mevalonic acid, itself a product of acetate metabolism, had been established as a precursor of the animal sterol cholesterol, and... 

Thoren AE, Helps SC, NUsson M, Sims NR (2(X)5) Astrocytic fimction assessed from 1-14C-acetate metabolism after temporary focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25 440-450... 

System Interaction of Glia and Neurons Acetate is metabolized in astrocytes nearly 18 times faster than in cortical synaptosomes, though activity of acetyl-CoA synthase in synaptosomes is almost double that in astrocytes (5.0 and 2.9nmol/min per mg of protein, respectively). The principal difference in the acetate metabolism rates is explained by differences in the kinetics of its transport, which is mediated by a monocarboxylate carrier (Hosoi et ah, 2004) acetate uptake by astrocytes, unlike synaptosomes, rapidly increases and follows saturation kinetics = 498nmol/mg protein/min, =... 

Jetten, M.S.M. (1991) Acetate metabolism in Methanothrix soehngenii, Ph.D. Thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen. 

Pyruvate carboxylase also requires a monovalent cation for activity. The activity of the purified enzyme was measured in the presence of various monovalent cations, as indicated in Table 10.7. Similar patterns of stimulation have been fovmd for acetyl-CoA synthetase, an enzyme used in acetate metabolism (Webster, 1966), propionyl-CoA carboxylase (Giorgio and Plaut, 1967), and several other enzymes (Suelter, 1970). Maximal activity of the aforementioned enzymes usually occurs at a wide range of potassium concentrations, that is, from 50 to 150 mM. There is therefore little reason to believe that the slight changes in intracellular K concentrations that can occur under normal conditions or during K deficiency result in an impairment in the activities of these enzymes or in some t)q>e of regulation of the activities. 

Itsuki-Yoneda A, Kimoto M, Tsuji H, et al. Effect of a hypolipidemic drug, Di (2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate, on mRNA-expression associated fatty acid and acetate metabolism in rat tissues. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 71(2) 414-420. 

Bogdanffy MS, Sarangapani R, Kimbell JS, F rame SR, PlowchalkDR. 1998. Analysis of vinyl acetate metabolism in rat and human nasal tissues by an in vitro gas uptake technique. Toxicol. Sci. 46 235 16... 

F15. Frohman, C. E., and Orten, J. M., Tracer studies of acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle II. Effect of fructose and bicarbonate on acetate metabolism in liver of diabetic rats. J. Biol. Chem. 220, 315 (1956). 

The origin of the additional carbon atoms of insect juvenile hormone (49) is not yet settled. Methionine seemed to be incorporated only into the ester methyl group. - Mevalonate was incorporated into farnesol but not into juvenile hormone. A slight incorporation of [2- " C]acetate into the chain was noted but not of [l- C]acetate. Metabolism of the ester includes hydrolysis to the corresponding acid and possibly formation also of the corresponding diol from the epoxide group. 

Irwin GW, Priebe FH, Ridolfo AS. Metabolic effects of paramethasone acetate. Metabolism 1961 10 852-858. 

Figure 19. Two pathways of acetate metabolism to acetyl coenzyme A and their links with CheY. Abbreviations Ac. acetate AcAMR acetyladenylate AcCheY, acetylated CheY AcCoA, acetyl coenzyme A Ack, acetate kinase AcR acetyl phosphate Acs, AcCoA synthetase CheY R phosphorylated CheY CoA, coenzyme A RRi, pyrophosphate Pta, phosphotransacetylase. (Taken with permission from Barak et al. [58].)...

CgHjOj, Mr 136.15, yellow cryst., mp. 37-38 °C. Component of the defensive secretions of many insects (especially beetles) and millipedes. In the beetle Eloides longicollis E. and methyl-l,4-benzoquinone are formed via the acetate metabolism, while the also present 1,4-benzoquinone is formed from aromatic amino acids. ... 

M. (2002) Transcriptome analysis of acetate metabolism in Corynehacterium glutamicum using a newly developed metabolic array. Biosci. Biotechnol,... 

Wendisch, V.F., Spies, M., Reinscheid, D.J, Schnicke, S., Sahm, H., and Eikmarms, B.J. (1997) Regulation of acetate metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum transcriptional control... 

D., and Eikmanns, B.J. (2003) Acetate metabolism and its regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. 

Thanki C M., Sugden D., Thomas N J., and Bradford H. F (1983) In VIVO release from cerebral cortex of [ " C]-glutamate synthesized from [U- C]-glutamate. / Neuwchem 41, 611-617 van den Berg C J (1973) A Model of Compartmentation m Mouse Brain Based on Glucose and Acetate Metabolism, in Metabolic Compartmentation in the Brain (Balazs R and Cremer J E, eds ), pp 137-166, MacMillan,... 

In considering amino acid catabolism, one must distinguish the catabolism of the carbon chain from that of the nitrogen moiety. The breakdown of the carbon chain of the amino acids yields carbon units that can be used in carbohydrate metabolism, acetate metabolism, or the metabolism of single carbon units. The fate of the carbon units of the individual amino acids has been discussed in other sections of this book, and only a synopsis of the results will be presented here. The carbon skeletons of isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, histidine, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, proline, glutamic acid, and hydroxyproline are ultimately converted to pyruvic acid. 

Pantothenic acid is a constituent of coenzyme A, which is the important coenzyme in fatty acid oxidation, acetate metabolism, and cholesterol and steroid synthesis. It forms the prosthetic group of acyl carrier protein in fatty acid synthesis. Chemically,... 

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