Methylal as solvent

The experimental process for synthesizing the porous materials was standardized as follows. The silanes were mixed in the ratios as indicated in MeOH (Me, methyl) as solvent, and then at room temperature 1 mol of water per =SiOR group was added. The water contained the indicated concentration of catalysts. The reaction mixmre was stirred for 5 min and then stored in a closed... 

The above intermediate has been prepared in high yield using methylal as solvent, and then allowed to react with carbonyl compotmds giving the usual products. 

The monoalkyl ethers with R = CHj, CjHj and C4H, , known respectively as methyl ceUoaolve, ceUosolve and hutyl cellosolve, are of great commercial value, particularly as solvents, since they combine the properties of alcohols and ethers and are miscible with water. Equally important compounds are the carbitols (monoalkyl ethers of diethyleneglycol) prepared by the action of ethylene oxide upon the monoethers of ethylene glycol ... 

Methyiaminoacetonitrile (216) reacts with carbon disulfide in the presence of acetic anhydride with ethyl acetate as solvent to give 2-thio-3-methyl-A-4-thiazoline in 74% yield (Scheme 113a) (326). If the reaction is carried out using benzaldehyde in place of acetic anhydride, the corresponding 5-benzylideneamino derivative of 217 is obtained in 70% yield. 

Similarly sodium methoxide (NaOCHj) is a suitable base and is used m methyl alco hoi Potassium hydroxide m ethyl alcohol is another base-solvent combination often employed m the dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides Potassium tert butoxide [K0C(CH3)3] is the preferred base when the alkyl halide is primary it is used m either tert butyl alcohol or dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent... 

Table 4 lists a variety of aLkoxypropionaldehydes and certain of thek properties (67). Alcohols up to -butyl have been added to acroleki ki this fashion. Methyl, ethyl, and aHyl alcohols react with ease, while the addition of hexyl or octyl alcohol proceeds ki low yields. Although the aLkoxypropionaldehydes have found only limited kidustrial utiUty, it is anticipated that they will find use as replacements for more toxic solvents. Furthermore, the aLkoxypropionaldehydes may readily be reduced to the corresponding alkoxypropanols, which may also have deskable properties as solvents. 

Synthol coproducts include alcohols, ketones, and lower paraffins. They are used mainly as solvents in the paint and printing industries, although some alcohols are blended into fuels. In 1992 Sasol began producing 17,500 t/yr 1-butanol [71-36-3] from 5-07-acetaldehyde [75-07-0] and plaimed to start a plant to produce high purity ethanol [64-17-5] in 1993. Acetone [67-64-1] and methyl ethyl ketone [78-93-3] are two ketone coproducts sold as solvents. 

Ketones are an important class of industrial chemicals that have found widespread use as solvents and chemical intermediates. Acetone (qv) is the simplest and most important ketone and finds ubiquitous use as a solvent. Higher members of the aUphatic methyl ketone series (eg, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and methyl amyl ketone) are also industrially significant solvents. Cyclohexanone is the most important cycHc ketone and is primarily used in the manufacture of y-caprolactam for nylon-6 (see Cyclohexanoland cyclohexanone). Other ketones find appHcation in fields as diverse as fragrance formulation and metals extraction. Although the industrially important ketones are reviewed herein, the laboratory preparation of ketones is covered elsewhere (1). 

Nitroethane. The principal use of nitroethane is as a raw material for synthesis in two appHcations. It is used to manufacture a-methyl dopa, a hypertensive agent. Also, the insecticide 3 -methyl-A/-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]thioacetimidate [16752-77-5] can be produced by a synthesis route using nitroethane as a raw material. The first step of this process involves the reaction of the potassium salt of nitroethane, methyl mercaptan, and methanol to form methyl methylacetohydroxamate. Solvent use of nitroethane is limited but significant. Generally, it is used in a blend with 1-nitropropane. 

Methylphenol is converted to 6-/ f2 -butyl-2-methylphenol [2219-82-1] by alkylation with isobutylene under aluminum catalysis. A number of phenoHc anti-oxidants used to stabilize mbber and plastics against thermal oxidative degradation are based on this compound. The condensation of 6-/ f2 -butyl-2-methylphenol with formaldehyde yields 4,4 -methylenebis(2-methyl-6-/ f2 butylphenol) [96-65-17, reaction with sulfur dichloride yields 4,4 -thiobis(2-methyl-6-/ f2 butylphenol) [96-66-2] and reaction with methyl acrylate under base catalysis yields the corresponding hydrocinnamate. Transesterification of the hydrocinnamate with triethylene glycol yields triethylene glycol-bis[3-(3-/ f2 -butyl-5-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] [36443-68-2] (39). 2-Methylphenol is also a component of cresyHc acids, blends of phenol, cresols, and xylenols. CresyHc acids are used as solvents in a number of coating appHcations (see Table 3). 

The reaction is carried out in the Hquid phase at 373—463 K and 3 MPa (30 atm) of carbon monoxide pressure using nickel salt catalyst, or at 313 K and 0.1 MPa (1 atm) using nickel carbonyl as both the catalyst and the source of carbon monoxide. Either acryHc acid or methyl acrylate may be produced directly, depending on whether water or methanol is used as solvent (41). New technology for acryHc acid production uses direct propjdene oxidation rather than acetylene carbonylation because of the high cost of acetjdene. This new process has completely replaced the old in the United States (see... 

Ninety-six percent of the EDC produced in the United States is converted to vinyl chloride for the production of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) (1) (see Vinyl polymers). Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride are used as chemical intermediates in the manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons (CECs). Methjiene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene have wide and varied use as solvents. Methyl chloride is used almost exclusively for the manufacture of silicone. Vinylidene chloride is chiefly used to produce poly (vinylidene chloride) copolymers used in household food wraps (see Vinylidene chloride and poly(vinylidene chloride). Chloroben2enes are important chemical intermediates with end use appHcations including disinfectants, thermoplastics, and room deodorants. 

Cyanohydrins are used primarily as intermediates in the production of other chemicals. Manufacture of methyl methacrylate, used to make acrylic mol ding resins and clear sheet, eg, Plexiglas acrylic sheet, from acetone cyanohydrin is the most economically important cyanohydrin process (see Methacrylic polymers). Cyanohydrins are also used as solvents in appHcations including fiber-spinning and metals refining. Cyanohydrins and derivatives reportedly act as antiknock agents in fuel oil and motor fuels and serve as electrolytes in electrolytic capacitors. 

The checkers distilled the anisole from calcium sulfate before use. This reagent functions not only as a reactant, but also as solvent. In some similar preparations the intermediate trichloride is rather insoluble, as in the case of bis(3-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)tellurium dichloride. The addition of co-solvents such as bis-(2-methoxyethyl) ether is beneficial. ... 

Acetone may be used as solvent in place of ethyl methyl ketone, but the reaction must then be carried out in a sealed vessel at 95-100° for thirty to thirty-six hours. 

Quantum yield data for several processes that occur on photolysis of 5-4-methyl-1-phenyl-l-hexanone have been determined. The results are tabulated below for benzene as solvent. 

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