Methods of pest control

With the increasing nnmber of cases of pesticide resistance, the limited production of new chemicals and worries over the environmental impact of pesticides it is important that farmers adopt a more integrated approach to pest management. There are many methods of pest control that can help reduce the risk of pest damage and requirement to apply a pesticide. 

Non-ploughing techniques have been found to reduce aphids as BYDV vectors in cereals as well as reducing the risk from frit fly and yellow cereal fly slugs are usually more of a problem. 

A consolidated seedbed can help reduce the impact of some pests. Rolling is a useful control method for slugs and leatheijackets in crops growing in cloddy seedbeds. 

Good quality seed should be used which will germinate quickly and evenly. It is also important that the crop is not checked to any extent, for instance, by lack of a plant food. A poor growing crop is far more vulnerable to pest attack than a quick growing crop. A top-dressing of nitrogen, just as a crop is being attacked, may sometimes help. Aphids are often more freqnently fonnd on thick, well-fertilised crops. 

It is important to control volunteer crop plants and those weeds that are alternative hosts to pests in other crops so that the pest life-cycle can be broken. 

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Side by side with this growth of knowledge there has been increasing concern that the implications of the large-scale utilization of synthetic chemicals be fully understood. Chemical methods of pest control have conferred such spectacular benefits on agriculture and the health of mankind that it has become difficult to conceive that these benefits could be offset or outweighed by serious disadvantages. Some of these effects are extremely subtle others, such as the development of pesticide resistance, rapidly become obvious because no further economic benefit is obtained by continued pesticide use. 

Organic agriculture is a know-how-intensive farming method. To be competitive, organic farmers need to experiment with new techniques, and must manage land, labour, capital and innovations quite differently from conventional farmers. How can research and development improve access for small farmers to this know-how and to specific inputs, such as seeds and biological methods of pest control ... 

Generation 0. These include physical methods of pest control such as rocks, pieces of wood, shoes, fly paper,... 

Soon after the Second World War, global cotton production changed dramatically when a number of newly discovered neurotoxic chemicals - such as DDT - were first introduced as an alternative means of pest control. Perceiving these chemicals to be a cheaper alternative to the use of labour and machinery, cotton farmers began to use these and former methods of pest control were largely abandoned However, for many developing world couon farmers, the switch to toxic pesticides is a comparatively recent phenomenon. In Pakistan for example, just 5-10% of cotton cropland in the Punjab was treated with pesticides in 1983 By 1991 this figure had escalated to 95-98%. 

As with other methods of pest control, there are limitations in the use of the antifeeding method. Foremost is that, in general, only surface-feeding insects are controlled. This is not unexpected, since antifeeding compounds apparently work by taste, and insects which do not feed on the surface, with its residue of material, are not affected. 

This policy establishes a study to allow USDA and EPA to identify available methods of pest control and pest control problems. It also directs the secretary to develop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) methods. 

Interesting results have been obtained in the synthesis of biologically active compounds such as insect pheromones. Conventional synthetic routes to these pheromones are often multistep sequences, which make many pheromones too expensive for widespread use [23]. Metathesis offers a shorter, alternative route to pheromone synthesis, generating these compounds in a few steps only. The use of insect sex pheromones is an environmentally friendly, effective, and selective method of pest control. Kiipper and Streck [24] synthesized insect sex pheromones by cross-metathesis reactions between linear olefins. In the presence of the catalyst Re207/Al203, 9-tricosene was synthesized by cross-metathesis of the readily available aUcenes 2-hexadecene and 9-octadecene (Eq. 8). 

FEPA has the avowed aim of protecting human health and the environment, at the same time as ensuring effective methods of pest control. Under the authority of FEPA, the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (COPR) [24] were enacted. Pesticide residues in food are controlled by the Maximum Residue Level Regulations of 1988. Together, these regulations impose statutory requirements on everyone involved with pesticides, from the manufactura to the usa. 

Fumigants can be very effective but costly methods of pest control. Objects can be brought to a commercial or museum chamber (such as a Vacudyne chamber, which draws a negative pressure for increased permeation) or they can be tented and treated at ambient pressures. 

Creating an administrative and legal framework under which continued research can produce more knowledge about better ways to use existing pesticides as well as developing alternative materials and methods of pest control. 

After reading Silent Spring , I became interested in insect pheromones, because its application may provide us with a new and environmentally benign method of pest control. 1 was also interested in the evolving field of asymmetric synthesis. Accordingly, 1 started my enantioselective pheromone synthesis in 1973. The first work was the determination of the absolute configuration of the dermestid beetle pheromone [18]. By synthesizing the (S)-(+)-enantiomer of the pheromone from... 

Key words pests of farm crops, symptoms of pest damage, pest life-cycles, pest identification, methods of pest control. 

With increasing awareness of the side effects of pesticides and the increasing number of cases of pesticide resistance, integrated pest management (IPM) is an important method of pest control. IPM involves using cultural methods of control combined with the use of pesticides. Pesticide use is minimised in an attempt to protect and enhance the activities of beneficial insects (natural enemies and polhnating insects) and extend the life of the pesticides that are available. 

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