Gold wire method

Permanent deformation has also been investigated. The rate of flow of gold wires has been found to depend on the electrode potential with a minimum of the rate at E i.c [51Pfu]. The ereep of a lead eleetrode has been studied [69Lik]. (Data obtained with this method are labelled FL). 

The dc four-probe method was used to determine the conductivity at 25 =S T =S 900°C and 5 X 10 5 =S pQ =S 1 atm. Gold wire contacts were made to a rectangular bar with dimensions 9.02 X 2.54 X 1.91 mm. The electrical conductivity and oxygen nonstoichiometry (8) as a function of p0 were determined by using gas-tight electrochemical cells. The details of the method can be found elsewhere but are briefly summarized here.12,13... 

Wire bonding is still the foremost method used. Aluminum or gold wire, generally 1-mil diameter, is used for most applications. High current power circuits require thicker wire up to 10-mil diameter. Die can be wire bonded at high speed with automatic thermocompression, thermosonic, or ultrasonic equipment. 

Luong et al. were able to determine trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene in soil and groundwater samples by MEKC-EC on a glass microchip and using a gold wire as electrode. The analysis time was 4 min and LODs were below the micromolar range. The accuracy of the method was validated by comparison with the LC procedure of the US EPA (method 8330). For the soil sample, an extraction step off-chip was necessary. 

Fig. 5 Small cells (2.5 cm diameter) provide a convenient and inexpensive method of surveying carbon behavior. The reference electrode is a gold wire separated from the anode by a porous ceramic plug and flooded with an overflow of 0.28 CO2, O.I4O2, 0.58 Nj.

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