Methide reactions

Quasi-prepolymers, 236, 237 Quinoid resonance forms, 402 Quinone methide reactions, with... 

The Reversibility of Quinone Methide Reaction Does Not Preclude Its Use in Forming DNA Cross-Links... 

Fan, P. W., Bolton, J. L. Bioactivation of Tamoxifen to Metabolite E Quinone Methide Reaction with Glutathione and DNA. Drug Metab. Disp. 2001, 29, 891-896. 

Nakatsubo F, Higuchi T (1975) Synthesis of 1,2-diarylpropane 1,3 diols and determination of their configurations Holzforschung 29 193-198 Ralph J, Ede RM, Robinson NP, Main L (1987) Reactions of /f-aryl lignin model quinone methides with anthrahydroquinone and antranol J Wood Chem Technol 7 133 160 Ralph J, Young RA (1983) Stereochemical aspects of lignin model (S aryl ether quinone methide reactions J Wood Chem Technol 3 161-182 Sarkanen KV, Wallis AFA (1973) Oxidative dimerizations of (E)- and (Z) isoeugenol (2 methoxy-4-propenylphenol) and (E) and (Z)-2,6-dimethoxy-4-propenylphenol JCS Perkin I 1973 1869-1878... 

Fan PW, Bolton JL (2001) Bioactivation of tamoxifen to metabolite E quinone methide reaction with glutathione and DNA. Drug Metab Dispos 29 891-896 Fischer V, Haar JA, Greiner L et al (1991) Possible role of free radical formation in clozapine (clozaril)-induced agranulocytosis. Mol Pharmacol 40 846-853 Fisher R, Brendel K, Hanzlik RP (1993) Correlation of metabolism, covalent binding and toxicity for a series of bromobenzene derivatives using rat liver slices in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 88 191-198... 

Fan PW, Bolton JL. Bioactivation of tamoxifen to metabolite E quinone methide Reaction with glutathione and DNA. Drug Metab Dispos 2001 29(6) 891—896. 

Quinone Methides. The reaction between aldehydes and alkylphenols can also be base-cataly2ed. Under mild conditions, 2,6-DTBP reacts with formaldehyde in the presence of a base to produce the methylol derivative (22) which reacts further with base to eliminate a molecule of water and form a reactive intermediate, the quinone methide (23). Quinone methides undergo a broad array of transformations by way of addition reactions. These molecules ate conjugated homologues of vinyl ketones, but are more reactive because of the driving force associated with rearomatization after addition. An example of this type of addition is between the quinone methide and methanol to produce the substituted ben2yl methyl ether (24). 

Methylenebis(2,6-di-/ /f-butylphenol) (25) (R = H) [118-82-17, the reaction product of two molecules of 2,6-DTBP with formaldehyde under basic conditions, is a bisphenoHc antioxidant. The quinone methide in this case is generated in situ. The product results from the addition of 2,6-di-/ /f-butylphenolate to (23) (12). 

The alkylate contains a mixture of isoparaffins, ranging from pentanes to decanes and higher, regardless of the olefins used. The dominant paraffin in the product is 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, also called isooctane. The reaction involves methide-ion transfer and carbenium-ion chain reaction, which is cataly2ed by strong acid. 

Pyridin-4-one, 1 -hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-hydrogen-deuterium exchange reactions, 2, 196 Pyridin-4-one, 1-methyl-hydrogen-deuterium exchange, 2, 287 pK 2, 150 Pyridin-2-one imine tautomerism, 2, 158 Pyridin-2-one imine, 1-methyl-quaternization, 4, 503 Pyridin-4-one imine tautomerism, 2, 158 Pyridinone methides, 2, 331 tautomerism, 2, 158 Pyridinones acylation, 2, 352 alkylation, 2, 349 aromaticity, 2, 148 association... 

Above 160°C it is believed that additional cross-linking reactions take place involving the formation and reaction of quinone methides by condensation of the ether linkages with the phenolic hydroxyl groups (Figure 23.14). 

These quinone methide structures are capable of polymerisation and of other chemical reactions. 

In addition to the above possible mechanisms the possibility of reaction at w-positions should not be excluded. For example, it has been shown by Koebner that o- and p-cresols, ostensibly difunctional, can, under certain conditions, react with formaldehyde to give insoluble and infusible resins. Furthermore, Megson has shown that 2,4,6-trimethylphenol, in which the two ortho- and the one para-positions are blocked, can condense with formaldehyde under strongly acidic conditions. It is of interest to note that Redfam produced an infusible resin from 3,4,5,-trimethylphenol under alkaline conditions. Here the two m- and the p-positions were blocked and this experimental observation provides supplementary evidence that additional functionalities are developed during reaction, for example in the formation of quinone methides. 

Scheme 10. Mechanislic possibililies for PF condensalion. Mechanism a involves an SN2-like attack of a phenolic ring on a methylol. This attack would be face-on. Such a mechanism is necessarily second-order. Mechanism b involves formation of a quinone methide intermediate and should be Hrst-order. The quinone methide should react with any nucleophile and should show ethers through both the phenolic and hydroxymethyl oxygens. Reaction c would not be likely in an alkaline solution and is probably illustrative of the mechanism for novolac condensation. The slow step should be formation of the benzyl carbocation. Therefore, this should be a first-order reaction also. Though carbocation formation responds to proton concentration, the effects of acidity will not usually be seen in the reaction kinetics in a given experiment because proton concentration will not vary.

The mechanism of this reaction has been studied by several groups [133,174-177]. The consensus is that interaction of ester with the phenolic resole leads to a quinone methide at relatively low temperature. The quinone methide then reacts rapidly leading to cure. Scheme 11 shows the mechanism that we believe is operative. This mechanism is also supported by the work of Lemon, Murray, and Conner. It is challenged by Pizzi et al. Murray has made the most complete study available in the literature [133]. Ester accelerators include cyclic esters (such as y-butyrolactone and propylene carbonate), aliphatic esters (especially methyl formate and triacetin), aromatic esters (phthalates) and phenolic-resin esters [178]. Carbamates give analogous results but may raise toxicity concerns not usually seen with esters. 

The absence of methylol (-CH2OH) groups in all six lower molecular weight resorcinol-formaldehyde condensates which have been isolated [119] reflects the high reactivity of resorcinol under acid or alkaline conditions. It also shows the instability of its para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol groups and their rapid conversion to jpara-hydroxybenzyl carbonium ions or quinone methides. This explains how identical condensation products are obtained under acid or alkaline reaction conditions [119]. In acid reaction conditions methylene ether-linked condensates are also formed, but they are highly unstable and decompose to form stable methylene links in 0.25 to 1 h at ambient temperature [121,122]. 

Abstraction of a hydride ion from a tertiary carbon is easier than from a secondary, which is easier than from a primary position. The formed car-bocation can rearrange through a methide-hydride shift similar to what has been explained in catalytic reforming. This isomerization reaction is responsible for a high ratio of branched isomers in the products. 

Quinone methides are the key intermediates in both resole resin syntheses and crosslinking reactions. They form by the dehydration of hydroxymethylphenols or dimethylether linkages (Fig. 7.24). Resonance forms for quinone methides include both quinoid and benzoid structures (Fig. 7.25). The oligomerization or crosslinking reaction proceeds by nucleophilic attack on the quinone methide carbon. 

The ortho-quinone methides are difficult to isolate due to their high reactivity, which leads to rapid Diels-Alder dimerization or trimerization (Fig. 7.26). At 150°C, a partial retro-Diels-Alder reaction of the trimer can occur to form ortho-quinone methide and bis(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) ethane (dimer).51... 

The mechanisms for model condensation reactions of para-hydroxymethyl-substituted phenol (and therefore para-quinone methide) with reactive ortho positions are described in Fig. 7.29. The phenolate derivatives react with para-quinone... 

Figure 7.29 Reactions of a quinone methide with ahydroxymethyl-substitutedphenolate.

Resole resins are generally crosslinked under neutral conditions between 130 and 200° C or in the presence of an acid catalyst such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and phenolsulfonic acid under ambient conditions.3 The mechanisms for crosslinking under acidic conditions are similar to acid-catalyzed novolac formation. Quinone methides are the key reaction intermediates. Further condensation reactions in resole resin syntheses under basic conditions at elevated temperatures also lead to crosslinking. 

Para-quinone methide intermediates, 403 Para-quinone methides, 404 para-Trishydroxybenzylamine, reaction with 2,4-xylenol, 397 Partial aromatic polyamides, 136, 143, 180-184... 

This reaction shows that the methide ion is a very strong Bmnsted base. The species C22 is the acetylide ion, and the carbides that contain it are called acetylides. The acetylide ion is also a strong Bronsted base, and acctylides react with water to produce ethyne (acetylene) and the corresponding hydroxide. Calcium carbide, CaC2, is the most common saline carbide. 

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