Metastatic secondary tumor

It has also been demonstrated that PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin, Caelyx, can cross the BBB with a consequent accumulation in primary and secondary brain lesions [389], In 10 patients with metastatic brain tumors treated with radiolabeled Caelyx concurrent with radiotherapy, the accumulation of the liposomal doxorubicin was 7-13 times higher in the metastatic lesions compared to the normal brain. 

Metastasis is defined as the formation of tumors that are discontinuous from the primary tumor. These secondary tumors can be at nearby or distant sites and can form following dissemination of cells via lymphatic, hematogenous, coelomic cavities or epithelial cavities (Willis, 1973). The most common routes for metastatic spread are lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis so, secondary tumor formation via those routes will be the focus in this chapter. However, it must be noted that these routes are not necessarily the common ones for the spread of some tumor types (e.g. ovary (Cannistra, 1993)). 

Nicolson, G. L., Mascali, J. J. and McGuire, E. J. (1982). Metastatic RAWl 17 lymphosarcoma as a model for malignant-normal cell interactions. Possible roles for cell surface antigens in determining the quantity and location of secondary tumors. Oncodev. Biol. Med. 4, 149-159. 

Lomustine is used against both primary and metastatic brain tumors and as secondary therapy in relapsed Hodgkin s di.sease. The mast common adverse reactions are nausea and vomiting, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. As in the case of carmustine, the myelosuppression cau.sed by lomastine is delayed. ... 

Tominaga Y, Tsuzuki T, Matsuoka A, et al. Expression of parafibromin in distant metastatic parathyroid tumors in patients with advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic kidney disease. World J Surg. 2008 32 815-821. 

It has been observed in the majority of sweat gland carcinomas but has generally not been seen commonly in metastatic adenocarcinomas. Nevertheless, Kanitakis and Chouvet reported p63-reactivity in 11% of cutaneous metastatic epithelial tumors. Additional markers that may contribute to the separation of primary and secondary carcinomas in the skin are represented by CK 5/6 and podoplanin. " Like p63, they are principally seen in primary cutaneous appendage tumors. 

Khunamornpong S, Siriaunkgul S, Suprasert P, et al. Intrahe-patic cholangiocarcinoma metastatic to the ovary A report of 16 cases of an underemphasized form of secondary tumor in the ovary that may mimic primary neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007 31 1788-1799. 

Uncontrolled cell division, the hallmark of cancer, is relatively inelScient at inflicting morbidity. Single tumors are very often amenable to complete surgical removal. It is the metastatic spread of tumors that renders surgical removal ineffective. Successful metastatic spread of a cell to a new site requires activities that have litde to do with uncontrolled proliferation. However, once at a new site, the tumor cell must divide, in order to create a secondary tumor with adverse consequences for the host. Thus, cell division is at the foundation of tumor formation at the initial site and at new secondary sites. It is for this reason that cell division provides an important target for the treatment of cancer. 

Foster JH (1978) Survival after liver resection for secondary tumors. Am J Surg 135 390-394 Gayowski TJ, Iwatsuki S, Madariaga JR, et al (1994) Experience in hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer analysis of clinical and pathologic risk factors. Surgery 116 703-711... 

In metastatic invasion the motile cancer cells will adhere and migrate into secondary tumor sites. Cellular adhesion molecules are involved both directly in the adherence detachment and indirectly in motility. Thus NO fluxes in the metastatic microenvironment may play a critical role in determining metastatic cell dynamics and, consequently, the success or failure of extravasation. Indeed, NO has been positively correlated with migration in mammary adenocarcinoma cells via sequential stimulation of NOS, guanylate cyclase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (Jadeski et al. 2003). 

Pituitary failure (secondary hypothyroidism) is an uncommon cause resulting from pituitary tumors, surgical therapy, external pituitary radiation, postpartum pituitary necrosis, metastatic tumors, tuberculosis, histiocytosis, and autoimmune mechanisms. 

Osteolytic tumors may induce bone destruction either through local invasion, or by a secondary metastatic bone disease. The most frequent types of primary tumors that develop into metastatic bone disease are, in the order of prevalence breast, prostate, thyroid, kidney, and bronchial tumors, whereas esophageal, gastrointestinal and rectal tumors are much less metastatic [11]. Very often, the destruction of bone in a metastatic bone disease leads to hypercalcemia of malignancy, which also responds to BPs. In addition, hematological cancers such as... 

The arrest of tumor cells in the capillary bed of secondary organs and their subsequent extravasation occur through interactions with the local microvascular endothelium and the subendothelial matrix. The specificity of these interactions, depending on the heterogeneity of both microvascular endothelial cells (EC) and tumor cells, may favor in a selective way the initial adhesive events in preferred metastatic sites, and may consequently facilitate metastatic dissemination to those organs (Blood and Zetter, 1990 Pauli et al., 1990 Rusciano and Burger, 1992), similarly to what happens... 

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