Metaphorical models

In this instance, we may believe that for once Arturo Schwarz was right on the mark indeed, as he chose to practice it, chess provides the perfect metaphorical model for Duchamp s life and works. ... 

Obviously, natural waters are not closed systems. The idealized model discussed so far is still useful because a natural water sample in the laboratory, for example, during acid-base titration, or waters in groundwater systems or in water supply distribution systems often behave, in first approximation, as in a closed system. Figure 4.2 illustrates metaphoric models for various types cf open and closed systems. 

Brown, J.H. 1994. Complex ecological systems. In Complexity Metaphors, Models, and Reality. Vol. XIX of Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, G.A. Cowan, D. Pines and D. Meltzer, Eds. Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, pp. 419-433. 

Bhushan, N., Rosenfeld, S. 1995. "Metaphorical Models in Chemistry." Journal of Chemical Education, 72 578-582. 

Good examples of metaphors are besides the desktop the expert tour guide, the room metaphor - different rooms for different tasks if you want a grammar lesson you go into room X, if you want translations of the words in a text you go to room Y, carrying with you the words you do not know - thereby implying yet another metaphor. Examples with the travel metaphor are presented in Hammond and Allinson [8]. Smith [10] discusses the tensions between the metaphorical model and magic aspects. 

Engberts, J.B.F.N., Water as a metaphoric model in process thought. In Kelly, T. and Dibben, M. (Eds.), Applied Process Thought Frontiers of Theory and Research, 1st edn., Ontos Verlag, Frankfurt/Lancaster, in Press. 

In all of these processes, the selection of the binding site is highly specific. How does the ligand L know how to make the selection of a particular site This is essentially the question of molecular recognition in biochemistry. The classical answer to this question is given within the so-called lock and key model. This metaphoric model requires that the two partners involved in the binding fit tightly in the complex LP, (Fig. 8.15<3). 

Most synthesis techniques presented in this book have their roots, in one way or another, in metaphorical models seeking inspiration from the acoustic world. The great majority of systems for software s)mthesis actually bias the design of instruments towards this type of inspiration. The binary instruction technique diverges from this approach. It departs from the idiomatic use of low-level computer instructions, with no attempt to model anything acoustic. 

Mitchell, M., Crutchfield, J. P., and Hraber, P. T. (1994a) Dynamics, computation, and the edge of chaos A re-examination. In G. Cowan, D. Pines, and D. Melzner (editors). Complexity Metaphors, Models, and Real-). Reading, MA Addison-Wesley. 

On this view that emphasizes the importance of models, Lander s metaphor of modern genetics as summarizable in a -dimensional periodic chart involving many thousands of genes falls short. It does so because it does not recognize the temporal/causal processing dimension of molecular... 

An initial suggestion made by Ford Doolittle shows a jumble of interconnections between the lines of development, rather than simple branches in the phylogenetic tree. These interconnections resemble a mycelium and have almost nothing in common with the original model, except for the termini of the three kingdoms. In a review article in Science, Elizabeth Pennisi (2001) chose the colourful metaphor of a tangled bramble bush to describe the new model. 

Start user-interface prototyping when the high-level system actions and type model have been identified. Focus on a consistent UI metaphor, and cross check the user interfaces against the type model as the latter becomes better defined. 

Colleagues and friends have been generous and kind in their criticisms, commentary, and advice on various parts of the manuscript. I am grateful to Alexi Assmus, Ted Benfey, Micheline Charpentier-Morize, Mi Gyung Kim, Roald Hoffmann, Karl Hufbauer, Peter Loewenberg, John Servos, and especially Sam Schweber. Terry Shinn offered provocative comments on my early thinking about models and metaphors, as did John Heilbron on my initial reflections about the historical demarcation of physics and chemistry. 

Kenneth J. Arrow, "On Mathematical Models in the Social Sciences," 1951, cited and discussed in Max Black, Models and Metaphors. Studies in Language and Philosophy (Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1962) 223225. 

Though not by Cloitre and Shinn. Black, Models andMetaphors, 37 quoted by Richard Boyd, "Metaphor and Theory Change What Is Metaphor a Metaphor For " 356408, in Ortony, Metaphor and Thought, 357. 

The explanatory system which dramatically combined the classification methods of natural history with the quantitative methods of physical laws was the periodic system worked out by Dmitri Mendeleev (and independently, although less successfully, by Meyer). What is the great tableau that is the periodic table Is it icon, index, or symbol It is not metaphor. Is it a model There is no chemical laboratory in the world where Mendeleev s table does not hang on the wall, despite the fact that the original version is well over one hundred years old. Its center remains untouched. Give a chemist a choice between the periodic table (fig. 4) and Schrodinger s equation. Which would she take ... 

Roald Hoffmann and Pierre Laszlo recently have clarified the kind of argument that we find in Urbain s statement, noting that structural formulas in chemistry are "in-between symbols and models," existing in uneasy hybrid states. "A chemical formula is at one and the same time a metaphor, a model in the sense of a technical diagram, and a theoretical construct." 106... 

The lack of dynamic models and rigorous mathematics makes nineteenth-century chemistry a different science from physics, but it is no less methodologically sophisticated. Chemists employed varieties of signs, metaphors, and conventions with self-conscious examination and debates among themselves. Nineteenth-century chemists were neither militant empiricists nor naive realists. These chemists were relatively unified in their focus on problems and methods that provided a common core for the chemical discipline, and the language and imagery they used strongly demarcated mid-nineteenth-century chemistry from the field of mid-nineteenth-century physics and natural philosophy. 

Black, Max. Models and Metaphors Studies in Language and Philosophy. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1962. 

D3mamic models are more flexible in their establishment of structure/metrics, and are not restricted to the financial metaphor underlying many other approaches. 

The periodic recurrence of cell division suggests that globally the cell cycle functions like an autonomous oscillator. An extended model incorporating the sequential activation of the various cyclin-dependent kinases, followed by their inactivation, shows that even in the absence of control by cell mass, this sequence of biochemical events can operate as a limit cycle oscillator [145]. This supports the union of the two views of the cell cycle as dominoes and clock [146]. Because of the existence of checkpoints, however, the cell cycle stops at the end of certain phases before engaging in the next one. Thus the cell cycle looks more like an oscillator that slows down and makes occasional stops. A metaphor for such behavior is provided by the movement of the round plate on the table in a Chinese restaurant, which would rotate continuously under the movement imparted by the participants, were it not for frequent stops. 

Historically, most chemists have modeled the structure of molecules using a highly idealized platonic representation, where atoms are represented as vertices and bonds as paths between vertices. Chemoinformatics has very successfully adopted this representation and based many of its techniques around the metaphor of the connection table , i.e., a list of all atoms and bonds, which occur in the molecule. While this approach is quite successful for well defined chemical entities, it begins to break down for rapidly interconverting isomers, for example, and is completely inappropriate for polymers. In the majority of cases, the successful application of chemoinformatics to a given problem depends on the availability of a connection table. 

Earlier theories of attention such as that proposed by Broadbent (1958) suggested that some physical property of sensory stimuli dictates whether or not they are available to further processing (Fig. 1). Crucially Broadbent considered attention to be a real physical property of the nervous system, not a convenient psychological construct or metaphor. In this formulation early selection of stimuli is performed by a limited capacity filter and only selected stimuli are encoded. While this and similar models paved the way for experimental re-... 

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