Metallic salt surface enhancer

Saccharin and its sodium salts are used as components of curing agents for adhesives for acrylates on metal films. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been used to show that the saccharin molecules migrate to the metal surface, so that they must be directly involved in the binding process <90L72i>. There are numerous patents on azo dyes based on 3-azo-substituted 2,1-benzisothiazoles. 

Further improvements in anode performance have been achieved through the inclusion of certain metal salts in the electrolyte, and more recently by dkect incorporation into the anode (92,96,97). Good anode performance has been shown to depend on the formation of carbon—fluorine intercalation compounds at the electrode surface (98). These intercalation compounds resist further oxidation by fluorine to form (CF ), have good electrical conductivity, and are wet by the electrolyte. The presence of certain metals enhance the formation of the intercalation compounds. Lithium, aluminum, or nickel fluoride appear to be the best salts for this purpose (92,98). 

The third composition in Table IV seems to be related to the aromatic sulfonate/polycarbonate technology just discussed with some modifications being necessary in order to compensate for the aliphatic nature of the polypropylene (17. 181 substrate. In this case the aromatic sulfonate is replaced with a metal salt (preferably magnesium stearate). A silicone oil and or gum has been added to enhance the intumescent character and a small amount of inert filler and decabromodiphenyl oxide is included probably to improve the molding characteristics of the total composition. Fire retardant compositions with a good surface char can be obtained at total loadings only about half that required for the halogen/antimony oxide composition. 

Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanisms involved in an AFID system (31). In general, thermal energy is required to atomize a particular alkali metal salt. The alkali metal atoms formed ionize and are subjected to an electric field. This produces a current proportional to the number of ions. The presence of halogen, phosphorus, and even nitrogen enhance the signal. The system is complex and does not lend itself to a complete theory as intricate surface phenomena are possible. In addition, there is speculation that photochemical processes occur and realization that combustion products formed in the flame can interact to form a multitude of species compound the difficulty. It has been proven that the process does depend on thermal energy and not strictly speaking on the products of combustion. For this reason many researchers prefer the term thermionic ionization. 

The decreasing platinum loadings with increasing particle diameter strongly suggest that the catalyst is of "egg-sheU design. In other words, there is an enhanced concentration of the metal in the outermost layer of the catalyst particles. The preferential deposition close to the exterior surface of AI2O3 particles is well documented for a variety of metal salts (ref. 12). This is... 

Many groups have reported XPS data on this type of systems. Before any further discussion it is important to note that, although a number of effects may be induced by metal-ceria interactions, they can be also provoked, or at least enhanced, by the presence of chlorine introduced with the metal. The strong retention at the surface (or/and in the bulk) of ceria and related oxides, even after redox treatments, of chlorine coming from the transition metal salt used in preparing the catalyst is well documented [109, 138, 147, 148, 40, 149, 150, 151]. It has been verified that Cl... 

This method is based on the chemical reduction of the metal salts in citrate solution. Metal-dye adsorbates will be formed if a dye in extremely diluted solution is added. The surface enhancement depends on the precipitation conditions, type and charge of the adsorbing dye molecule, the degree of colloidal aggregation, and many other factors [18-20], so that a full understanding of the chemistry at colloidal... 

These builders are generally available as sodium, potassium, or mixed-metal salts, the latter being more soluble in water but also more costly. The widespread use of sodium TPP (STPP) in LADD formulations can be attributed to the many functions it performs during the wash cycle. Besides its efficient sequestration of hardness ions, STPP works to disperse and suspend soils, enhance the surface action of anionic surfactants, solubilize proteinaceous soils, and provide alkalinity and buffering action. Pyrophospates have been included in some LADD formulations because of its better solubility properties relative to tripolyphosphate [20],... 

As mentioned above, alkali-metal salts are used as promoters for various surface reactions [22]. One way to explain the enhanced efficiency in the presence of a promoter ion in, say, the ethylene oxide process is to propose that the alkali-metal cations (or solvent-separated ion pairs) absorb to burning sites (sites that lead ultimately to conversion to CO2). As a result of their adsorption, the reactive site is deactivated. 

Alloys, used at high temperatures, obtain their protection from a dense and adherent oxide layer formed on the metal surface. The corrosive attack of metals and alloys in molten salts is due to the solubility of oxide scales by basic and acidic dissolution. This breakdown of the passive film gives rise to accelerated metal consumption by enhanced oxidation (Hot Corrosion). The phenomenon is closely related to pitting corrosion of metals and alloys in aqueous solutions. 

This volume also contains one of the first reviews of the Surface Enhancement of Infrared Spectra by Professor Peter Griffiths, one of the leading pioneers in the area of IR Spectroscopy over the last 50 years. There is a chapter on the analytical measurement of salt concentrations in water using Raman spectroscopy by Dr Marc Fontana (and colleagues), and a review of the study of metal complexes using Raman, Resonance Raman and stimulated Raman methods by Professor John McGarvey (and colleagues). 

In past few years, metallized plastics have received considerable industrial and academic attention because of their useful applications. They possess the properties of both the polymer and the metal. There are several techniques for the plastic metallization, but these can be divided into three major categories. First is a metal blending process in which the polymer is mixed with a metal powden Second is a metal deposition process in which the pt ymer film is coaled with a thin metallic layer Third is a metal complexation process in which the polymer is chelated with a metal salt Due to reduction of the mechanical properties of the polymer in the first process and the trouble as well as high cost of the second process which often requires several surface treatments to enhance the adhesion between the metal and the polymer metal-polymer chelates, which are often prepared by reacting the solutions of a polymer and a metal salt, have attracted significant interest because of their resulting solubility and easy processability into films and fibers... 

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