Metal biomineralization

Pintail Systems, Inc. s, spent-ore bioremediation technology includes two main treatment processes. The first process involves the biological treatment of cyanide wastes using indigenous bacteria, which are isolated from contaminated sites and cultured in large quantities for full-scale applications. The second process involves metal biomineralization in which biological processes are adapted to immobilize soluble and leachable metals. 

Theil, E. C. Raymond, K. M. Transition-Metal Storage, Transport, and Biomineralization University Science Books Mill Valley, CA, 1994. 

A wide class of materials (metals, semiconductors, superconductors, biominerals, water-soluble inorganic and organic compounds, etc.) can be produced using these systems [203-206]. 

Zachara JM, Kukkadapu RK, Fredrickson JK, Gorby YA, Smith SC (2002) Biomineralization of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxides by dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria (DMRB). Geomicrobio J 19 179-206 Zhu XK, O Nions RK, Guo YL, Reynolds BC (2000) Secular variation of iron isotopes in North Atlantic deep water. Science 287 2000-2002... 

LAMBDA (or A-) ISOMERS OF METAL ION-NUCLEOTIDE COMPLEXES LANGMUIR ISOTHERM BIOMINERALIZATION MICELLE... 

SCREW SENSE OF METAL-NUCLEOTIDE COMPLEXES Sea shell formation, BIOMINERALIZATION SECOND... 

G.L. Grandjean, E. (eds.) Mdssbauer spectroscopy applied to inorganic chemistry. Plenum Publ. Corp., 3 417-444 Webb, J. Macey, D.J. Mann, S. (1989) Biomineralization of iron in molluscan teeth. In Mann, S. Webb, J. Williams, R.J.P. (eds.) Biomineralization Chemical and biochemical perspectives. VCH Weinheim, 345-387 Webster, J.G. Swedlund, P.J. Webster, K.S. (1998) Trace metal adsorption onto an acid mine drainage iron(lll) oxy hydroxy sulfate. Environ. Sci.Techn. 32 1361-1368 Wedepohl, K.H. (1969) Composition and abundance of common igneous rocks. In Wedepohl, K.H. (ed.) Handbook of geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, 1 227-249 Wedepohl, K.H. (1969a) Composition and abundance of common sedimentary rocks. 

The membrane-mimetic approach has the potential of providing superior size, morphology, and monodispersity control for ceramic particles. The relatively meager amount of published work in this area [826-834] (see Table 11) is rather surprising. Vigorous and sustained activities, inspired by biomineralization [15-18] and modeled on the incorporation of metallic, catalytic, and semiconducting particles into membrane-mimetic compartments, are fully expected. 

Westbroek P, deJong EW (1983) Biomineralization and biological metal accumulation, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Holland... 

P. Westbroekand E. W. de Jong (eds.), Biomineralization and Biological Metal Accumulation , D. Reidel, Dordrecht,... 

Looking at the literature in the field of biomineralization, one notices, that the majority of articles is descriptive in nature. On the basis of electron micrographs or thin section studies, the intricate relationships between mineral phase and organic matrix are investigated. Other papers deal with the chemical composition of the mineralized tissue and the minerals. Only a few authors address themselves to the question of metal ion transport mechanisms in cellular systems and the solid state principles involved in mineral deposition on organic substrates. All three sets of information, however, are essential to understand calcification processes. It appears, therefore, that information on the functionality of metal ions in living systems and their role in mineral deposition are particularly desired in this area of research. 

In conclusions, many schemes have been developed for metal ion — phosphate — organic matter interactions in biomineralization. A variety of organic compounds of the kind present in mineralized tissues were found to coordinate calcium ions at neutral or functional sites and in many instances metal ion coordination was accompanied by the binding of phosphate. Although a wealth of information exists on the organic-inorganic interplay, data could not be reduced to a point where a simple model on biological mineralization could be formulated. 

Cowen, J. P. Fe and Mn depositing bacteria in marine suspended macroparticulates, in Biomineralization and biological metal accumulation (eds. Westbroek, P., de Jong, E. W.) p. 489, Dordrecht, Boston, London, D. Reidel P.C. 1983... 

Garrels R.M. and Berner R.A. (1983) The global carbonate-silicate sedimentary system-some feedback relations. In Biomineralization and Biological Metal Accumulation (eds. P. Westbroek and E.W. DeJong), pp. 73-87. D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland. 

Beside the presented supramolecular systems on surfaces, it is worth mentioning that recognition of chiral sites on crystalline surfaces has been reported in biomineralization or at the solid-liquid interface [39-41]. Enantioselective interactions with kink sites of metal surfaces have been demonstrated for the electro-oxidation of R- and S-glucose over Pt and for desorption of chiral molecules from Cu(543) [42,43]. 

The first candidate is an inorganic mineral formed either by chemical processes or through some form of biomineralization. The latter development may have been an evolutionary response by the cellular material to improve on its coincidental use of an existing mineral structure. The previous examples all presume a cell, or cell model, with a flexible outer membrane composed of a water impermeable material such as a lipid or phospholipid. However, as mentioned at the start of this chapter it is possible to form capsules from materials that are rigid solids. In Nature the best examples of these are algae that form plates of metal carbonates, coccoliths, and... 

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