Metal acid phthalates

To make benzoic acid from phthalic acid or metal acid phthalates a mixtnre of the two phthalic compounds is heated in alkaline solution at temperatures varying from 150° to 300° C. Thus, a mixture of 500 pounds of 8.4 per cent sodium hydroxide solution, 296 pounds of phthalic anhydride, and 3 pounds of copper sulfate is heated in an autoclave at 200° to 220° C. for a period of about 5 hours. After making alkaline by further addition of sodium hydroxide, the cooled mixture is filtered and the benzoic acid precipitated by acidification with sulfuric acid. The benzoic acid is filtered off and may be purified by sublimation or distillation.07... 

Colourless liquid acetone-like odour. Explosive when pure usually used as a 60% solution in dimethyl phthalate. Strong oxidizing agent reacts violently with salts of heavy metals, acids and alkalis. Corrosive, produces liver and kidney damage. 

The hydrohalide is liable to dehydrochlorination, particularly when moist acid is used in its preparation, so that hydrochloric acid acceptors such as lead carbonate are useful stabilisers. Dibutyl phthalate and tritolyl phosphate are effective plasticisers. Rubber hydrochloride is used as a packaging film (Pliofilm) and as a rubber-to-metal bonding agent (e.g. Typly). 

Potassium hydrogen phthalate Potassium hydrogen phthalate Potassium iodate Anhydrous sodium carbonate Zinc metal Standardisation of sodium hydroxide solution Standardisation of acetous perchloric acid Standardisation of sodium thiosulphate solution through generation of iodine Standardisation of hydrochloric acid Standardisation of EDTA solution... 

Mammalian /3-glucuronidase shows a shift in optimum toward a more alkaline pH in the presence of certain anions, such as deoxyribonucleate (see Fig. 4) and phthalate,8 49 8activity curve may previously have displayed (see Section IX, 2). Certain heavy-metal ions in trace amounts cause a shift in the optimum toward a more acid pH... 

Waste constituents may be immobilized in a soil system mainly by sorption and/or partitioning. Adsorption on soil particles is competitive, pH-dependent and, usually, inversely proportional to the solubility of the compound in water. Dry soils are better adsorbents than wet ones. HSs are able to form complexes with metal ions and hydrous oxides and also interact with minerals and a variety of organic compounds, including alkanes, fatty acids, dialkyl phthalates, pesticides and herbicides, and may therefore increase the concentration of these constituents in soil and natural waters. 

Cellulose acetate phthalate Esterified cellulose with about 20 and 35% acetate and phthalate groups, respectively Free acid form dissolves in organic solvents and only the alkali metal salts are water soluble Protective coating of tablets, insoluble in stomach but soluble in intestine fluids... 

The effects of divalent ions (Cu , Ni", Co" and Zn") on the hydrolysis of phthalate, succinate and acetate esters of 2-(hydroxymethyl)picolinic acid (54) have been studied to establish if strong bonding of the metal ion to the leaving group oxygen might enhance intramolecular carboxylate attack. With these esters, saturation conditions are observed at low metal ion concentrations... 

The variety of substances used as additives in polymers is considerable. For example, the fillers may include china clay, various forms of calcium carbonate, talc, silicas (diatomaceous silica), silicates, carbon black, etc. The impact modifiers typically include other polymers. Plasticizers include certain polymers with low (oligomers), dialkyl phthalates, dialkyl sebacates, chlorinated paraffin waxes, liquid paraffinic fractions, oil extracts, etc. Heat stabilizers include heavy metals salts such as basic lead carbonate, basic lead sulfate, dibasic lead phosphite (also acting as a light stabilizer), dibasic lead phthalate, stearates, ricinoleates, palmitates and octanoates of cadmium and barium, epoxide resins and oils, amines, diphenylurea, 2-phenylindole, aminocrotonates. The antioxidants include tris-nonyl phenyl phosphite, 2,6-di-ferf-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), octadecyl-3,5-di-terf-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, etc. The UV stabilizers include modified benzophenones and benzotriazoles. Processing lubricants include calcium stearate, stearic acid, lead stearate, various wax derivatives, glyceryl esters and long-chain acids. Fire retardants include antimony oxide, some pyrophosphates, etc. 

Pulp and paper mill sludge is a complex and changeable mixture of dozens or even hundreds of compounds. Some are well known, like natural wood extractives, organochlorines, organosulfides, and dioxins. Priority pollutants and chemicals of concern that must be analyzed in pulp mill residues include heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, chlorobenzenes, PAHs, chlorinated phenols, chlorinated catechols, chlorinated guaiacols, phthalates, resin acids, alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, and plant sterols. 

The initial drum inventory conducted in 1979 found 17 051 drums on the surface, including 11 628 empty ones. The EPA analyzed the property and creek and found 140 chemical substances. The chemicals found most often and in the highest concentrations were xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride, acetone, phthalates, anthracene, toluene, fluoranthene, alkyl benzene, vinyl chloride, dichloroethylene, and aliphatic acids. Polychlorobi-phenyls were detected in low concentrations and several metals including barium, zinc, copper, strontium, magnesium, and chromium were detected in concentrations exceeding background levels. 

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