Sulfonic acids mercaptans

Peroxide decomposers are also added to improve the aging properties of thermoplastics. These include mercaptans, sulfonic acids, and zinc dialkylthio-phosphate. 

Mercaptans, sulfonic acids, zinc alkyl thiophosphate, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, dilauryl thiodipropionate... 

Other direct methods for the sulfonation of the higher fatty acids are by the use of sulfur trioxide vapor or by the use of chlorosulfonic acid. Indirect methods are also available for the preparation of a-sulfo fatty acids and their salts from an a-bromo fatty acid made by the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. The bromo compound may be converted directly to the sodium salt of a sulfonic acid through the Strecker reaction or may be converted to the mercaptan and oxidized to the sulfonate. Sulfonation of the lower fatty acids has been studied by Backer and co-workers. ... 

Phenylpropyl mercaptan, pi44 Phenyl sulfide, d770 Phenyl sulfone, d771 Phenyl sulfonic acid, b23 Phenyl sulfoxide, d772 (Phenylthio)acetic acid, tl 57... 

When exposed to air, mercaptans are oxidized to yield disulfides and sulfonic acids. 

Substituents attached to a heterocyclic ring through a sulfur atom exist in wider variety than those through oxygen. Besides the simple thio analogues—the thiols (mercaptans), thioethers, thioesters and the like—they include compounds of various higher oxidation states of sulfur, including sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfinic and sulfonic acids and their derivatives. 

Mercaptans. Thiols possess obnoxious odor and corrosive properties. The solubilities of MeSH, EtSH and propylthiol at 25 °C are 39, 12, and 3.8 g/liter respectively in water (40). TTieir oxidation products are mainly disulfides and sulfonic acids. 

Oxidation of Mercaptans by O Oxidation of methyl mercaptan in aqueous solution by 03 produces methane sulfonic acid as the major product. The reaction mechanisms are complex with the formation of dimethyl disulfide (CH3SSCH3), methyl methane thiolsulfonate (CH3S02SCH3), and methyl methanethiolsulfinate (CH3SOSCH3) as minor products. Continued ozonation could result in slow formation of sulfuric acid ... 

Sulfur compounds I, II and IV, methyl sulfonic acid, ethylsulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid could have been derived from a number of precursors in the parent coal samples. Firstly, mercaptans and thiols will form sulfonic acids when oxidized with peroxides. However, the presence of methylmercaptan, ethylmercaptan and benzenethiol in an exhaustively extracted coal sample is highly unlikely and we believe that the sulfonic acids did not arise from these compounds. In addition, there is a possibility that these sulfonic acids may have come from pendant or terminal thioether groups. 

Less frequently the sulfonic acid group is introduced indirectly (6) byreplacing a halogen atom with the sulfonic acid group by means of sodium sulfite (7) by the action of bisulfite on a nitro compoimd or on a quinone or quinoneoxime (nitrosophenol) (8) by oxidation of a sulfinic acid, a mercaptan, or a disulfide and (9) by the introduction of the —CH2SO3H group by means of formaldehyde-bisulfite. 

The end product of the oxidation of mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones, etc., is a sulfonic acid. From a preparative stand-... 

This reaction is analogous to similar methods for the preparation of ethers (methods 113 and 116), Both simple and mixed sulfides may be made from aliphatic mercaptans or thiophenols. The sodium mercaptides are formed from the mercaptans and aqueous or alcoholic solutions of sodium hydroxide or alcoholic sodium ethoxide. Alkylation is effected by halides, alkyl sulfates, or esters of sulfonic acids. The over-all yields of sulfides are usually above 70%. r-Butyl mercaptan is alkylated directly by /-butyl alcohol in strong sulfuric acid to give /-butyl sulfide in 87% yield. ... 

More energetic oxidation of thiols leads to sulfonic acids, Thiophenol dissolved in a solution of potassium hydroxide in dimethylformamide is oxidized by oxygen at 23.5 °C over a 22-h period to benzenesulfonic acid in 91% yield [53], Lauryl mercaptan gives dodecanesulfonic acid in 100% isolated yield upon treatment with potassium peroxymonosulfate, 2KHS05 KHS04 K2S04, at room temperature for 30 min [205]. 

To describe the full range of thiochemicals is beyond the scope of this entry, which will, therefore, place emphasis on the most common thiochemicals. This entry will cover mercaptans, sulfides, and polysulfides, while the next entry will cover sulfonic acids and its derivatives, some sulfoxides, mercaptoacids and their derivatives. The safety, health, and environmental issues for both entries are discussed at the end of this chapter. 

Sulfonic acids are corrosive. Do not use copper or copper-bearing alloys for mercaptan service. Mercaptans readily attack these metals and are contaminated by them. Mercaptans are odorous therefore, storage tanks should not be vented to the atmosphere. Venting should be to a flare or a scrubber to remove the mercaptan. 

Methanesulfonic acid is primarily manufactured by the batch or continuous oxidation of the methyl mercaptan or dimethyl disulfide with chlorine in saturated aqueous hydrochloric acidJ This chemistry is also the basis for much of the worldwide production of MSC, with photochlorination of methane (vide infra) being the most significant commercial alternative. Other alkanesulfonyl chlorides and sulfonic acids have also been produced in lesser quantities by the CI2/H2O oxidation. Reaction yields are typically 92-100%. The HCl by-product separates as vapor from the saturated reaction mixture. It is absorbed into water to afford a... 

In straight-run gasohne a variety of sulfur compounds may be present, such as hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, polysulfides, and cyclic sulfides. It is also possible that sulfonic acids and alkyl sulfates can be present because of their incomplete removal after refinery treating operations. Likewise there can be a polysulfide content as a result of doctor sweetening. Alkyl sulfates, which are hydrocarbon soluble, can form through the action of sulfuric acid upon olefins. 

SAR studies were performed on compoimds containing the 9H-isothia-zolo[5,4-fc]quinoline-3,4-dione (ITQ) nucleus and it was found that some of them are potent antibacterial agents (see Scheme 101) [114,115]. They were prepared from compound 353, which was treated with cyclopropyl isothiocyanate in DMF and then with Mel. Compound 354 (94%) was obtained and treated with in NaH in DMF to give the isothiazolo[ 5,4-fo] quinoline compound 355 (93%). Its treatment with anhydrous NaSH gave the corresponding mercaptan (84%), which was directly cychsed without purification to 356 (85%) in the presence of hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid. Microwave-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of the ITQ nucleus 356 with the desired aryl-boronic esters or acids afforded derivatives 357, typically, in 30-50% yield after HPLC purification (Scheme 87). 

Absorphon of CO2 in aqueous solutions of MEA absorption of H2S and mercaptans in aqueous soluhons of alkanolatnines and caushc soda absorption of carbon monoxide in aqueous cuprous ammonium chloride solutions absorphon of lower olefins in aqueous soluhons of cuprous ammonium compounds absorption of pure chlorine in aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide conversion of dithiocarbamates to thiuram disulfides sulfonation of aromatic compounds with lean SO3 recovery of bromine from lean aqueous solutions of bromides reactions of importance in pyrometallurgy absorphon of CO2 in aqueous solutions of caustic alkahes and amine absorption of O2 in aqueous solutions of sodium dithionite absorphon of O2 in aqueous sodium sulfite soluhons absorption of O2 in alkaline solutions containing the sodium salt of 1,4-napthaquinone- 2-sulfonic acid (NQSA) special case role of diffusion in the absorption of gases in blood in the human body. 

Mercaptans from sulfonic acid chlorides so2Cl —> SH s. 3, 30 in glacial acetic acid s. E. Kniisli, G. 79, 621 (1949) ... 

Sulfonic acid chlorides from mercaptans s. 3, 418 SH —SOaCl... 

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