Ethylsulfonic acid

Sulfur compounds I, II and IV, methyl sulfonic acid, ethylsulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid could have been derived from a number of precursors in the parent coal samples. Firstly, mercaptans and thiols will form sulfonic acids when oxidized with peroxides. However, the presence of methylmercaptan, ethylmercaptan and benzenethiol in an exhaustively extracted coal sample is highly unlikely and we believe that the sulfonic acids did not arise from these compounds. In addition, there is a possibility that these sulfonic acids may have come from pendant or terminal thioether groups. 

Sulfonic Acids. The sulfonic acids require rather drastic methods of hydrolysis. The aliphatic members of the group do not hydrolyze e.g., ethylsulfonic acid, CiHsSOsH, may be boiled with caustic soda solution or with concentrated acids without decomposition, whereas the esi er ethyl hydrogen sulfate hydrolyzes readily ... 

Figure 11. Performance of ( , ) untreated and (0, ) ethylsulfonic acid treated Pt/Vulcan XC-72 [31]. Reproduced by permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.

Ethylsulfonic acid 4795 3-Form tiuophene 10070 Glycine, A Af-bis(phosphonome thyl)- 5601... 

FIGURE 7.8 Typical TEM images showing nanofibers obtained through interfadal polymerization using (a) 4-toluenesulfonic, (b) perchloric, (c) formic, (d) methylsulfonic, (e) ethylsulfonic, (f) tartaric, (g) acetic, and (h) pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid. Scale bars = 200 nm. The insets are pictures of the reactions. 

The routes most commonly employed for the preparation of the P-sulfatoethylsulfone group, which is the essential structural feature of vinylsulfone reactive dyes, are illustrated in Scheme 8.5. One method of synthesis involves, initially, the reduction of an aromatic sulfonyl chloride, for example with sodium sulfite, to the corresponding sulfinic acid. Subsequent condensation with either 2-chloroethanol or ethylene oxide gives the p-hydrojq ethylsulfone, which is converted into its sulfate ester by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid at 20-30 °C. An alternative route involves treatment of an aromatic thiol with 2-chloroethanol or ethylene oxide to give the p-hydrojq ethylthio compound, which may then be converted by oxidation into the p-hydrojgrethylsulfone. The synthesis of the... 

Organic Acids, Sulfonic Acids and Propionic Acid. The electrical conductivity of PDDT is about four to five orders of magnitude lower than in the case of iodine, but the electrical conductivity of the films is environmentally more stable. In addition, the dopant 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid can act as a plasticizer for the PT film [273]. 1-Naphthalenesulfonic, ethylenebenzenesulfonic, methyl-ethylsulfonic, butanesulfonic, and pentafluoropropionic acids can be used for doping of POT and PDT [189]. 

A Russian team [40] described the use of a few new surfmers, one being cationic, namely, A-decylaceto-2-methyl-5 vinylpyridinium bromide, and the others being anionic, namely, decyl (or dodecyl), sodium ethylsulfonate, methacrylamides (III in Table 3), decyl (or dodecyl)-phenyl (Na or K sulfonate) acrylate (IV in Table 3), and decyl ester of sodium (or K or NH4 ) sulfocinnamic acid (V in Table 3). These surfmers were used for emulsion polymerization of styrene, butylacrylate, or chloroprene in the presence of KPS or AIBN without any other surfactants. It should be noted that consumption of these surfactants takes place early in the polymerization process, which is faster than in the case where SDS is used as surfactant. No emulsifier is left in the water phase, and the latexes are highly stable with regard to electrolyte, temperature, and redispersion. 

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