Menstrual cycle regulation

As to be expected, the most common goal of contraception is the prevention of pregnancy. However, some patients may use contraceptive methods for other benefits, such as menstrual cycle regulation, reduction of premenstrual symptoms, or treatment of acne. 

Testosterone promotes muscle growth deepening of the voice the growth of body hair and other male secondary sex characteristics Testosterone is formed from cholesterol and IS the biosynthetic precursor of estradiol the principal female sex hormone or estrogen Estradiol is a key substance m the regulation of the menstrual cycle and the reproductive process It is the hormone most responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics... 

Taking the contraceptive hormones provides health benefits not related to contraception, such as regulating the menstrual cycle and decreased blood loss, and incidence of iron deficiency anemia, and dysmenorrhea Health benefits related to the inhibition of ovulation include a decrease in ovarian cysts and ectopic pregnancies. hi addition, there is a decrease in fibrocyctic breast disease, acute pelvic inflammatory disease endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, maintenance of bone density, and symptoms related to endometriosis in women taking contraceptive hormones. Newer combination contraceptives such as norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol... 

The female menstrual cycle is divided into four functional phases follicular, ovulatory, luteal, and menstrual.6 The follicular phase starts the cycle, and ovulation generally occurs on day 14. The luteal phase then begins and continues until menstruation occurs.6 The menstrual cycle is regulated by a negative-feedback hormone loop between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and ovaries6 (Fig. 45-1). 

Women who have been in contact with toxafene have an increased estrogen level in the initial period of the menstrual cycle. Moreover, there was no clear phase change, which shows that hormonal regulation was disrupted [15]. The negative impact of even low doses of OCPs on pregnancy has been proved, especially in the third trimester [1]. It has been shown many times that there is a correlation between embryo death and pesticide content in the mother s body [1]. We will now quote several results of the study of pesticides effects on pregnancy and birth. 

Oestradiol and progesterone regulate the structural and functional changes in oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina that occur during the menstrual cycle. They provide conditions in the oviduct for the upward motility of sperm, and the downward movement of ova, and also conditions favourable for fertilisation in the oviduct and implantation in the uterus. Another effect is to stimulate vaginal secretions. 

Diczfalusy E, Landgren BM. Hormonal changes in the menstrual cycle. In Diczfalusy D, editor. Regulation of Human Fertility. Copenhagen Scriptor, 1977 21. 

Regulation and Effects of Hormonal Synthesis During the Menstrual Cycle... 

In the nonpregnant, postpubescent female, production of estrogen and progesterone is not tonic in nature but follows a pattern or cycle of events commonly referred to as the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle usually occurs over a 28-day period. The primary function of this cycle is to stimulate the ovaries to produce an ovum that is available for fertilization, while simultaneously preparing the endometrium of the uterus for implantation of the ovum, should fertilization occur. These events are illustrated in Figure 30-2. The cycle is characterized by several specific phases and events that are briefly outlined below. A more detailed description of the regulation of female reproduction can be found in several sources listed at the end of this chapter.33,88 94 113... 

In summary, the menstrual cycle is primarily regulated by the interaction between pituitary and ovarian hormones. Also, releasing hormones from the hypothalamus plays a role in controlling female reproduction through their effects on LH and FSH release from the anterior pituitary.7 A complex series of positive and negative feedback mechanisms control the cyclic release of various female hormones.22,81,97 For instance, increased estrogen secretion in the follicular... 

There are other physiological effects of methadone for which there is no known mechanism. In women who use methadone, there can be changes seen in their menstrual cycle. It has been hypothesized that these changes are due to methadone s effect on the hormones that regulate menstmation, but this has not yet been proven. 

LH-R (regulates corpus luteum development menstrual cycle)... 

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a highly regulated process required in developmental events such as embryological tissue remodelling and the endometrial changes of the menstrual cycle. The cell complement in particular tissues of metazoans derives from a balance between apoptosis and cell division and an imbalance in favour of cell multiplication is associated with cancer. 

Q12 Oestrogens are involved in regulation of menstrual cycle, development of secondary sex characteristics in females and changes in the uterine lining. It affects the metabolism of minerals, carbohydrate, protein and lipid. Oestrogen crosses the cellular membrane and binds to receptors in the nucleus these receptors are present in both males and females. In females they are located... 

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