Menstrual cycle effect

Lane JD, Steege JF, Rupp SL, Kuhn CM. (1992). Menstrual cycle effects on caffeine elimination in the human female. EurJ Clin Pharmacol. 43(5) 543-46. 

CASSIDY A, BINGHAM s and SETCHELL K D R (1994) Biological effects of a diet of soy protein rich in isoflavones on the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 60, 333-40. 

Bromocriptine directly binds to the D2 receptors on the lac-totroph cells to exert its effect. Bromocriptine normalizes prolactin level, restores menstrual cycles, and reduces tumor size in approximately 90% of patients.49 Adverse effects such as nausea, dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension often limit 5% to 10% of patients from continuing treatment. Thus, start bromocriptine at a low dose (e.g., 0.625-1.25 mg) at bedtime... 

Measure the treatment success for the various menstruation-related disorders by the degree to which the care plan (1) relieves or reverses symptoms of the disorder, (2) prevents or reverses the complications of the disorder (e.g., osteoporosis, anemia, and infertility), and (3) minimizes side effects. The return of a regular menstrual cycle with minimal premenstrual symptoms or symptoms of dysmenorrhea should occur. Depending on the desire for conception and subsequent therapy, this cycle may be ovulatory or anovulatory. 

Women who have been in contact with toxafene have an increased estrogen level in the initial period of the menstrual cycle. Moreover, there was no clear phase change, which shows that hormonal regulation was disrupted [15]. The negative impact of even low doses of OCPs on pregnancy has been proved, especially in the third trimester [1]. It has been shown many times that there is a correlation between embryo death and pesticide content in the mother s body [1]. We will now quote several results of the study of pesticides effects on pregnancy and birth. 

The progestin-only Minipills tend to be less effective than combination OCs, and they are associated with irregular and unpredictable menstrual bleeding. They must be taken every day of the menstrual cycle at approximately the same time of day to maintain contraceptive efficacy. They are associated with more ectopic pregnancies than other hormonal contraceptives. 

The effects of raloxifene in premenopausal women have been analyzed in subjects with normal ovarian function treated with high doses (100 to 400 mg daily) at either different time points of their menstrual cycle or continuously for 4 weeks (Baker et al. 1998). Raloxifene did not prevent ovulation, nor did it alter the length of the menstrual cycle or the day of the LH surge. However, it did stimulate FSH secretion, increase serum estradiol levels, and decrease serum PRL. These results are also similar to those reported for premenopausal women taking tamoxifen (Jordan et al. 1991) and are indicative of some antiestrogenic action at either the hypothalamic and/or pituitary level. 

Baker VL, Draper M, Paul S, Allerheiligen S, Giant M, Shifren J, Jaffe RB (1998) Reproductive endocrine and endometrial effects of raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, in women with regular menstrual cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 6-13... 

Wald A, Thiel DHV, Hoechstetter L, Gavaler JS, Egler KM, Verm R, Scott L, Lester R. Gastrointestinal transit the effect of the menstrual cycle. Gastroenterology 1981 80 1497-1500. 

Gill RC, Murphy PD, Hooper HR, Bowes KL, Kingma YJ. Effect of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying. Digestion 1987 36 168-174. 

Horowitz M, Maddern GJ, Chatterton BE, Collins PJ, Petrucco OM, Seamark R, Shearman DJ. The normal menstrual cycle has no effect on gastric emptying. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985 92 743-746. 

A variety of kinds of evidence have linked emotional behavior to hormones. Two conditions, the menstrual cycle and menopause, have been the focus of a great deal of research on human behavior. In addition, gender differences in the prevalence of mental illnesses have been used as indirect evidence for possible hormonal effects on emotional disorders. For example, depression is more common in women than in men. In contrast, a pubertal onset of schizophrenia is more common in males than females (Hafner, et al., 1993), although the lifetime occurrence of schizophrenia is approximately equal in men and women (Seeman, 1996). Effects of hormones on emotional lability in men are described above in the context of aggression. 

The observed synchronization of the menstrual cycles of women living together in an all-female institution is ascribed to the effect of a primer pheromone and led to several earlier studies (e.g. [149,150]). Later results supported the pheromonal explanation of synchrony [151]. In an evaluation of the research on menstrual synchrony between mothers and daughters against the background of the results of other investigations, Weller and Weller [152] concluded that there are indications that menstrual synchrony could be affected by both pheromonal and environmental influences, and the interaction between them. 

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