Memory limbic system

Verbal recall memory limbic system of temporal lobe, smell brain... 

Miller LL and Branconnier RJ (1983). Cannabis Effects on memory and the cholinergic limbic system. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 441-456. 

Limbic system Controls emotions, memory, and motivation... 

From this brief description, it is apparent that the brain is really an assembly of organs all of which are structurally and functionally interconnected. Undoubtedly one of the most important areas for the psychopharmacologist is the so-called limbic system which is concerned with emotion. This region consists of the hippocampus (concerned with memory... 

Limbic system Intrusive memories, hyperreactivity, reexperiencing... 

THC was first isolated from hashish in 1964 by Raphael Mechoulam (1930-) and Yehiel Gaoni at the Weizmann Institute. Mechoulam had obtained 5 kg hashish from Israeli police officials and the earliest scientific work on THC and cannabinoids used this source. In the early 1990s, the specific brain receptors affected by THC were identified. These receptors are activated by a cannabinoid neurotransmitter called arachidonylethanolamide, known as anandamide. Anandamide was named by Mechoulam using ananda, which is the Sanskrit word for ecstasy. Anandamide is thought to be associated with memory, pain, depression, and appetite. THC is able to attach to and activate anandamide receptors. These receptors are actually called THC receptors rather than anandamide receptors because researchers discovered that THC attaches to these receptors before anandamide was discovered. The areas of the brain with the most THC receptors are the cerebellum, the cerebral cortex, and the limbic system. This is why marijuana affects thinking, memory, sensory perception, and coordination. 

Serotonin s effects include classical neuronal inhibition, as well as modulation. The study of dreaming teaches us that disinhibition is likely the cause of positive signs of hallucination, emotional intensification, and confabulation, whereas demodulation more likely causes the negative signs such as memory loss, disorientation, and bizarreness. Serotonin blockade induced disinhibition is one of the mechanisms by which the very same set of aspects of model psychoses is generated the visual distortion and hallucination could result from visual system disinhibition the emotional intensification could result from limbic system disinhibition and confabulation could result from associative cortex disinhibition. 

All of these drugs, benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine alike, exert their effects only in presence of GABA, enhancing the action of GABA at its receptor. The highest concentration of these receptors is found in the neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and throughout the limbic system (which is involved in producing both pleasant and unpleasant emotional responses). The presence of these receptors within the hippocampus may explain why benzodiazepines can produce amnesia. They may inactivate the neural circuits in this structure that are critical for the consolidation of memories. 

Other structures in this area make up the limbic system which is directly linked to the olfactory system. Areas called the septal nuclei and amygdala contain regions often called the pleasure centres, with the hippocampus concerned with motivational memory. Projections from the cerebral cortex connect with the thalamus, hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland. The network of connections between all these different areas of the brain is highly complex. The role of the limbic system is significant in autonomic (involuntary or non-conscious) reactions that are implicated with emotional responses including fear, rage and motivation. 

The limbic system is considered to be the most primitive part of the brain and thought to be the seat of our emotions and certain memories. These arrangements and links within the brain may explain the importance and complexity of the role of smell. Its contribution to our quality of life is often underestimated with many anosmics suffering depression, reduced libido and eating disorders. It has been estimated that up to 3% of the population has a reduced sense of smell yet it is given low priority in medicine. 

Mesolimbic tract From the midbrain ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and parts of the limbic system. Arousal, memory, stimulus processing, locomotor activity, motivational behavior. Hyperactivity implicated in positive symptoms. 

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is released from axon terminals of the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream. It is also distributed to the central nervous system and oxytocin binding sites are found throughout, especially in the limbic system (Insel and Young, 2000). Oxytocin has been linked to afifiliative behavior, social memory, and behavior, all of which are impaired in autism (Insel et al., 1999). It has been hypothesized that dysfunction of oxytocin and vasopresin contributes to social impairment in autism (Waterhouse et al., 1996). 

Keywords Amygdala Cytokine Dentate gyrus EPSCs EPSPs Hippocampus Limbic system Long-term potentiation Neurotransmitter NMDA receptor Spatial memory Synapse Temporal lobe... 

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