Memory amnesia

Aggleton JP, Brown MW (1999) Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis. Behav Brain Sci 22 425-489... 

Cohen NJ, Eichenbaum H (1993) Memory, amnesia and the hippocampus system. MIT Press Cambridge. 

Cognitive Dementia, poor concentration, poor memory, amnesia Perceptual Hallucinations, delusions... 

Often referred to as short-term memory loss , this form of amnesia results in the inability to transfer new events to long term memory. The sufferer will still be able to recall older memories but will not be able to remember recent events once attention has been switched to something else. 

At low doses, ketamine may result in impairment of attention, learning ability, and memory, and at high doses it has been associated with delirium, amnesia, impaired motor function, hypertension, depression, and respiratory depression (Krystal et al. 1994). Another mechanism of action appears to be a blocking of the reuptake of catecholamines. This effect leads to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure (Reich and Silvay 1989). 

It has been known for many years that antimuscarinic drugs like hyoscine, which enter the brain, cause amnesia when used clinically, e.g. pre-operatively, to reduce bronchial secretions. In experimental studies in both humans and animals they disrupt both the acquisition and the performance of learned behaviour. Anti-cholinestrase drugs have the opposite effect. It is by no means certain, however, that the memory defects induced by antimuscarinics are identical to those seen in AzD. 

Anterograde amnesia A condition in which events that occurred after the onset of amnesia cannot be recalled and new memories cannot be formed. 

It is medicinally used from Korea to Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. In Korea, the plant is used as an aphrodisiac for males and the elderly. In Japan, a decoction of the root is drunk to treat cough, invigorate, and treat tuberculosis. In Taiwan, the plant is an external remedy for snake bites. In Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, the roots are used to treat bronchitis, amnesia, and to stimulate memory and urination. The antitussive property is very probably owed to polygalasaponins, which are known to abound in the plant (24-26). It would be interesting to know whether the tonic properties mentioned here are owed to serotoninergic mechanisms. What is the alkaloidal content of this herb ... 

As to all these things, the vaunted Ter Meer memory was struck by amnesia. Although he stated again that the prosecution had exaggerated the Vermittlungstelle Wehrmacht, he had thought it... 

Amnesia patients showed the role of the temporal lobe in memory 860... 

Amnesia patients showed the role of temporal lobe in memory. Almost at the same time of Penfield s studies, Brenda Milner of the Montreal Neurological Institute examined a patient, known by his initials as H. M., who had undergone bilateral surgical removal of the temporal lobe (medial temporal cortex, amygdala, and two-thirds of the hippocampus). The surgery was apparently a success... 

H. M. was the first human case in which specific amnesia could be linked to selective regions of the brain. Since then, many patients have been identified as having selective lesions to the temporal lobe system, especially within the hippocampus. They have exhibited amnesias similar to H. M. s. For example, amnesic patient, R. B, who had a specific lesion in the CA1 region of hippocampus, showed profound loss of ability to form new memories of people, places, and events [5]. R. B. also lost memories regarding public and personal events that he had experienced two... 

What molecular machinery controls these forms of synaptic plasticity One of the most studied brain regions is the CA1 region of the hippocampus the CA1 region is not only crucial for memory formation (profound amnesia in patient R. B with selective CA1 lesion), but also exhibits a well-organized laminar structure ideal for electrophysio-logical recording. 

Retrograde amnesia and post-learning consolidation occur in the hippocampus. Researchers have sought to understand the biological mechanisms underlying the formation of long-term memory since Muller and... 

Zola-Morgan, S, Squire, L. R. and Amaral, D. Human amnesia and the medial temporal region Enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to the CA1 field of the hippocampus. /. Neuroscience 6 2950-2967, 1986. 

Dissociation is the core feature of the dissociative disorders it is defined by the DSM-IV as a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 477). Dissociation is usually assessed as a continuum, most often using the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES Bemstein-Carlson Putnam, 1986), a 28-item self-report measure. The DES items are rated on a scale reflecting the frequency of dissociative experiences (O-to-100% in 10% intervals). Factor analyses of DES items have led to the development of three subscales (Carlson et al., 1993 Frischholz, Braun, Sachs, Schwartz, 1991 Ross, Joshi, Currie, 1991). They are (a) Absorption, which reflects dissociation from surroundings (e.g., daydreaming) (b) Amnesia, which reflects dissociation from past experiences and (c) Depersonalization-Derealization, which reflects dissociation from the body or senses. 

Amnesia. Like dementia, the main feature of amnesia is memory loss. Amnesia, however, does not affect other intellectual abilities in the same manner as dementia. Distingnishing dementia from amnesia is most often a consideration when you evaluate memory problems in a chronic alcoholic. Alcoholics may become demented, but they may also develop an amnestic disorder known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. 

Triazolam (ti/2 of elimination -1.5-5.5 h) is especially likely to impair memory (anterograde amnesia) and to cause rebound anxiety or insomnia and daytime confusion. The severity of these and other adverse reactions (e.g., rage, violent hostility, hallucinations), and their increased frequency in the elderly, has led to curtailed or suspended use of triazolam in some countries (UK). 

Most other alkaloids shown to have AChE inhibitory activity have been isolated from plants used in traditional medicine. Coptis chinensis Franch has been used in TCM for several conditions including age-related cognitive and memory decHne. Some alkaloids found in this species e.g. berberine (43), coptisine (44) and palmatine (45) are reported to also be antiChE. Coptis chinensis extract improved a scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficit in rats and this is likely to be due to the alkaloids present thus raising ACh levels. Berberine (43) has been shown to selectively inhibit AChE compared with Bu ChE and it has been shown to improve scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. ... 

In surgical practice, the term general anesthesia (narcosis) presently refers to the condition of an organism with a reversible loss of consciousness at a controlled level of nervous system suppression. It includes the following components analgesia (absence of pain), amnesia (absence of memory), suppression of reflexes such as bradycardia, laryngospasm, and loss of skeletal muscle tonicity. 

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