Aeration, membrane

As is the case with pure bubble columns and gas-operated loop reactors, most bioreactors in technical use are aerated with oxygen or air. Reactors with pure surface aeration, such as roller bottles, shake flasks and small stirred reactors or special reactors with membrane aeration, are exceptions. The latter are used for the cultivation of cells and organisms which are particularly sensitive to shearing (see e. g. [28 - 29]). The influence of gas bubbles in increasing stress has been described in many publications (see e.g. [4, 27, 29, 30]). In principle it can be caused by the following processes ... 

The main disadvantage of all these systems is the Hmitation of scale-up. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by multiplying the hollow fiber systems and stirred tank reactors with membrane aeration are known up to 100 liter. Small quantities of product can be produced by these systems but they are not suitable for real industrial scale-up. 

Qi HN, Goudar CT, Michaels JD, Henzler H-J, Jovanovic GN, Konstantinov KB (2003), Experimental and theoretical analysis of tubular membrane aeration for mammalian cell bioreactors, Biotechnol. Prog. 19 1183-1189. 

Fig. 1. Different types of bioreactors for plant cell, tissue and organs. (A) mechanically-agitated bioreactors, a aeration-agitation, b rotating drum, c spin filter. (B) air-driven bioreactors, a bubble column, b draft tube, c external loop, (C) non-agitated bioreactors, a gaseous phase (mist), b oxygen permeable membrane aerator, c surface aeration, (D) light emitting draft tube...

Voss MA, Ahmed T, and Semmens MJ, Long-term performance of parallel-flow bubbleless hollow flber membrane aerators. Water Environment Research 1999, 71(1), 23-30. 

The chapter focuses on membrane bioreactors where a UF or MF membrane is employed for biomass retention and filtration. However, membrane bioreactors where the membrane provides a support for biofilms are an alternative form of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment application. Two processes, in particular, the membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) and the extractive membrane bioreactor (EMB), have seen significant interest in recent years. Figure 36.4 shows these two technologies schematically. The application of biofilms reactors for wastewater treatment systems is advantageous in view of... 

Germain E, Stephenson T, and Pearce P. Biomass characteristics and membrane aeration Toward a better understanding of membrane fouhng in submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Biotechnol Bioeng. 2(X)5 90 316-322. 

Casey E, Glennon B, and Hamer G. Review of membrane aerated biofihn reactors. Resour Conserv Recy. 1999 27 203-215. 

Su WW, Caram HS Humphrey AE (1992) Optimal design of the tubular microporous membrane aerator for shear-sensitive cell cultures. Biotechnology Progress 8 19-24. 

Gas Permeable Membrane Aerator Bioreactor. This type of bioreactor has not yet been fully developed. Nevertheless, some information is available. For example, one bioreactor is equipped with an aerator composed of fine tubes made of polycarbonate, polypropylene, silicone gum, etc. This type of bioreactor should be valuable for immobilized plant cell cultures. 

Syron, E., Casey, E., Membrane-aerated biofilms for high rate biotreatment Performance appraisal, engineering principles, scale-up, and development requirements. Environmental Science and Technology 2008, 42(6), 1833-1844. 

Greiner, L. et al., 2003. Membrane Aerated Hydrogenation Enzymatic and Chemical Homogeneous Catalysis. Advanced Synthesis Catalysis, 345(6-7) 679-683. 

Ahmed,T. and Semmens, M. J. 1992b. Use of sealed end hollow fibers for bubbleless membrane aeration experimental studies. Journal of Membrane Science, 69, 1-10. 

Casey, E., Glennon, B. and Hamer, G. 1999a. Oxygen mass transfer characteristics in a membrane-aerated biofihn reactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 62, 183-192. 

Downing, L. S. and Nerenberg, R. 2008. Total nitrogen removal in a hybrid, membrane-aerated activated sludge process. Water Research, 42,3697-3708. 

Gong, Z., Liu, S., Yang, E, Bao, H. and Furukawa, K. 2008. Characterization of functional microbial community in a membrane-aerated biofitm reactor operated for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal. Bioresource Technology, 99, 2749-2756. 

Hage, J. C., van Houten, R.T.,Tramper, J. and Hartmans, S. 2004. Membrane-aerated biofitm reactor for the removal of 1,2-dichloroethane by Pseudomonas sp. strain DCA. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 64,718-725. 

Heffernan, B., Murphy, C. D., Syron, E. and Casey, E. 2009. Treatment of fluoroace-tate by a Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilm grown in membrane aerated biofihn reactor. Environmental Science and Technology, 43,6776-6785. 

Hibiya, K., Terada, A., Tsuneda, S. and Hirata, A. 2003. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by controlling vertical and horizontal microenvironment in a membrane-aerated biofllm vesLCtoi. Journal of Biotechnology, 100,23-32. 

Lapara, T. M., Cole, A. C., Shanahan, J. W. and Semmens, M. J. 2006. The effects of organic carbon, ammorriacal-nitrogen, and oxygen partial pressure on the stratification of membrane-aerated biofilms./oitmaZ of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33,315-323. 

Matsumoto, S., Terada, A. and Tsuneda, S. 2007. Modeling of membrane-aerated biofilm Effects of C/N ratio, biofilm thickness and surface loading of oxygen on feasibility of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 21,98-107. 

Motlagh, A. R. A., Lapara, T. and Senunens, M. 2008. Ammonium removal in advective-flow membrane-aerated biofilm reactors (AF-MABRs). Journal of Membrane Science, 319,76-81. 

Pankhania, M., Stephenson, T. and Semmens, M. 1994. Hollow fiber bioreactor for wastewater treatment using bubbleless membrane aeration. Water Research, 28,2233-2236. 

Pellicer-Nacher, C., Sun, S.-P, Lackner, S., Terada, A., Schreiber, F, Zhou, Q. and Smets, B. F. 2010. Sequential aeration of membrane-aerated biofilm reactors for high rate autotrophic nitrogen removal experimental demonstration. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, lbJ -l(PA. 

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