Mega-cities

The number of mega-cities is increasing and most of the traffic will be urban. 

Continued growth of population and urbanization in less-developed countries, to constitute a larger fraction of humanity and to create new mega-cities. 

Abakumov MM (2005) Rendering of the surgical help at mass receipt of victims in hospitals of a mega-city. Khirurgiia (Moscow) (in Russian) Nl 8-12... 

The new EC FP7 project MEGAPOLI (2008-2011) (http //megapoli.info), coordinated by DMI, is also focusing on further developments of integrated systems and studies of interactions between atmospheric pollution from mega cities and meteorological and climatic processes. 

In Mexico, 76.7% of the population lives in urban areas. It has three mega cities with a population... 

As civilization and knowledge advanced still more, so did disease. Some 5,000 years ago the great mega-city empires of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and the Yellow River began to arise, and in some intensely populated areas problems of sanitation posed the first issues of public health, but more important, these cities were supported by huge livestock, which in the case of cattle herds gave us diseases like smallpox. 

The reader can easily estimate whether or not the local conditions in his/her region are suitable for photochemical smog formation. We recall Section 2 that describes the modem state of urban air pollution and the known climatic conditions of subtropical and tropical zone where most Asian mega-cities are located. 

Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Cunningham, M. M., and Doskey, P. V., Measurements of peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) in Mexico City implications for mega city air quality impacts on regional scales, Atmos. Environ., 33, 5003-5012, 1999. 

Mumbai (formerly Bombay) in India - to sulfur emissions and pollution in Asia was studied between 1975 and 2000. The average contribution of mega-cities over the western Pacific increased from < 5% in 1975 to > 10% in 2000. If no rigid measures were taken to reduce the pollution and pollution levels were allowed to increase, over 30 million people in these cities would be exposed to levels in excess ofWorld Health Organization (WHO) guidelines (see Section 5.7). 

Querol X, Zhuang X, Alastuey A, Viana M, Lv W, Wang Y, Lopez A, Zhu Z, Wei H, Xu S (2006) Speciation and sources of atmospheric aerosols in a highly industrialized emerging mega-city in Central China. J Environ Monit 8 1049-1059... 

Other phenomena, as for example the ever growing concentration of people in mega-cities or with the growing sense of urgency in politics and on the customer side, put pressure on the automotive manufacturers, to introduce alternative powertrain technologies into the market (Fig. 4.7). 

Bolivia and Colombia is encouraging population over spilling into urban slums around mega cities such as Mexico, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janiro, Buenos Aires and Bogota. The current favorable economic environment in North America and generally in the world provides an excellent backdrop against which action can be taken to ease these vulnerabilities. 

Kolossov, V., O LougWin, J. (2004). How Moscow is becoming a capitalist mega-city. 

The United Nations reports that already today half of the world s population currently live in urban areas and by 2050 about 70 per cent will be city dwellers. The growth in the number of mega-cities - defined as having a population of over 10 million people - will continue as the move from rural to urban areas accelerates. The challenge of serving these massive conurbations will require an increased focus on city logistics with city-specific supply chain solutions. 

The highest rates of urbanization are in Africa and Asia and by 2030 there will be 53 and 54 percent of their respective populations in urban areas. In Asia many cities will become mega-cities as industrialization proceeds but in Africa the growth of cities is not linked to industrialization and many cities are described as economically marginalized by Cohen (2004). Overall, the use of carbon will become less spatially uniform as its consumption, mainly as food and fuel, increases as cities grow. 

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