Medium scale integration

In progressing from discrete to integrated devices at the levels of small and medium scale integration, it became necessary to incorporate device physics into the technology base. As device structures were made progressively smaller, they behaved neither as "bulk three dimensional devices nor as strict two dimensional... 

Design of Small-Scale and Medium-Scale Integrated Circuits... 

GL Kerber, IE Cooper, HW Fry, GR King, RS Morris, JW Spargo, AG Toth. An all refractory NbN Josephson junction medium scale integrated circuit process. J Appl Phys 68 4853, 1990. 

RAC publications include data summaries for specific component types, such as hybrid microcircuits, small, medium and large-scale integration digital devices, linear and interface devices, digital monolithic devices, and discrete semiconductors. In addition, there are reliability and equipment maintenance data books that provide the failure and repair time data on military electronic equipment by application such as subsystem. 

Fig. 1. Technological trends A, components per chip B, minimum feature length , metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) memory A, bipolar memory H MOS logic D, bipolar logic. The designations SSI, MSI, LSI, and VLSI stand for small-, medium-, large-, and very large-scale integration, respectively.

For example, the cost to transport one PJ of oil is approximately ten times lower than to transport the same energy content as (natural) gas. On its turn transport of gas is ten times cheaper than electricity, which on its turn is ten times cheaper to be transported than heat- For small- and medium scale B R fuelled installations the production of heat as major product is therefore the least attractive, unless they are fiilly integrated with other installations on site or deliver to a city heat grid. The economic most attractive option is to produce liquid transportation fuels. 

The production of Fischer-Tropsch liquids (diesel) is today the optimal route for producing energy carriers from biomass. The FT diesel is directly applicable in the existing infrastructure and is free from sulphur and aromatics in contrast to fossil diesel. For the demonstration of integrated systems ECN focuses on two lines of development (1) large-scale dedicated installations for imported biomass and (2) small- to medium scale installations for local biomass and residues. 

T 0 control the spread of aerosol and the combustion of sodium, the ventilation system will be shut down more quickly by signals from the newly installed integrated leakage monitoring system. At present, in the case of small and medium-scale leaks, the shut down of the ventilation system is carried out manually by the operators. Only in the case of a large sodium leak, the ventilation is shut down automatically by an interlock signal from an abnormally low level in the steam generator. At present, if a small or medium-scale leak occurs, the sodium aerosol spreads from the leak site room to all areas that are connected by the ventilation ducts until the ventilation system is shut down. 

The integrity of the floor liner in the case of thermal expansion of its total area was confirmed at the Monju design stage however, an examination of its integrity in the case of localized temperature rises during medium-scale and small-scale leaks will now also be performed. Further work is requited on damage due to high temperature corrosion by combustion residues. 

In a recent paper, the authors investigated the integration of MIEC membranes for air separation in a small-to-medium-scale unit for H2 production (in the range of 650-850 N m /h) via autothermal reforming of methane [65]. 

System simplification, for example, resulting from integral design of the primary circuit or from adjacent configuration of the primary and intermediate circuits (BMN-170, MDP, RBEC-M, Medium Scale Lead-bismuth Cooled Reactor) or from a natural circulation based primary circuit (a gas lift system is used to facilitate natural circulation in the RBEC-M), or from the use of passive systems for reactor shutdown and decay heat removal always resulting in the reduced number of structures, systems and components such as piping, main circulation pumps, active shutdown systems, etc. 

Cao, Q., Kim, H.S., Pimparkar, N., Kulkami, J.P., Wang, C., Shim, M., Roy, K., Alam, M.A., Rogers, J.A., 2008. Medium-scale carbon nanotube thin-film integrated circuits on flexible plastic substrates. Nature 454, 495—500. 

Conventional filtration theory has been challenged a two-phase theory has been appHed to filtration and used to explain the deviations from paraboHc behavior in the initial stages of the filtration process (10). This new theory incorporates the medium as an integral part of the process and shows that the interaction of the cake particles with the medium controls filterabiHty. It defines a cake-septum permeabiHty which then appears in the slope of the conventional plots instead of the cake resistance. This theory, which merely represents a new way of interpreting test data rather than a new method of siting or scaling filters, is not yet accepted by the engineering community. 

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