Test interpretation

Proper control of the properties of drilling mud is very important for their preparation and maintenance. Although oil-base muds are substantially different from water-base muds, several basic tests (such as specific weight, API funnel viscosity, API filtration, and retort analysis) are run in the same way. The test interpretations, however, are somewhat different. In addition, oil-base muds have several unique properties, such as temperature sensitivity, emulsion stability, aniline point, and oil coating-water wettability that require other tests. Therefore, testing of water and oil-base muds will be considered separately. 

Price, D. und Jaffe, J. Large Scale Gap Test Interpretation of Results for Propellants, ARS-Journal 31, 595-599 (1961)... 

Test Interpretation and Continuation. Consider any temperature decreases as zero rise. If no rabbit shows an individual rise in temperature of 0.6° or more above its respective control temperature, and if the sum of the three individual maximum temperature rises does not exceed 1.4°, the product meets the requirements for the absence of pyrogens. If any rabbit shows an individual temperature rise of 0.6° or more, or if the sum of the three individual maximum temperature rises exceeds 1.4°, continue the test using five other rabbits. If not more than three of the eight rabbits show individual rises in temperature of 0.6° or more, and if the sum of the eight individual maximum temperature rises does not exceed 3.7°, the material under examination meets the requirements for the absence of pyrogens. 

This subjective value is not measurable and is deduced from ageing test interpretations and information collected in the technical literature. 

The nuts and bolts of animal testing, and the problems of test interpretation and extrapolation of results to human beings, comprise one of the central areas of controversy in the field of chemical risk assessment. They shall be with us, in one form or another, for the remainder of this book. Suffice it to say at this point that animal tests are extensively used to identify the toxic properties of chemicals -in part because animals can be good models for humans and in part because we do not have other good choices - and will continue to be used for that purpose for a long time to come. We shall now begin to show how this is done. 

Eckert, D.J. (1987) Soil test interpretations Basic cation saturation ratios and sufficiency levels. In Brown, J.R. (ed.) Soil Testing Sampling, Correlation,... 

McLean, F.O. (1977) Contrasting concepts in soil test interpretation sufficiency levels of available nutrients versus basic cation saturation ratios. Soil testing correlating and interpreting the analytical results. A5A Special Publication No. 29, 39-54, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. 

Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V et al. Series ATS/ERS task force standardisation of Lung function testing . Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur RespirJ 2005 26 948-68. 

Jaffe, "Large Scale Gap Test Interpretation of Results for Propellants , ARS-J 31, 595-96(1961) C) I. Jaffe, R. Beauregard A. Amster, "Determination of the Shock Pressure Required to Initiate Detonation of an Acceptor in the Shock Sensitivity Test , ARS-J 32, 22-5(1962) D) J. Toscano, I. Jaffe G. Robertson, "Large Scale Sensitivity Test Comparison of Tetryl and Pentolite Donors , AIAA-J 1,... 

Parrott, A.C., Performance tests in human psychopharmacology (3) construct validity and test interpretation, Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp., 6, 197, 1991. 

Castilho, P. Del and Rix, I. (1993) Ammonium acetate extraction for soil heavy metal speciation, model aided soil test interpretation. Int.f. Environ. Anal. Chem., 51, 59-61. 

Figure 7.12 (Continued) Extrapolation of test data—Example 7.2. (c) Extrapolation to a feed leaner in propane, based on test interpretation in Fig. 7.12a (d) extrapolation to a feed leaner in propane, based on test interpretation in Fig, 7.126...

The breaching in of water from a second aquifer has to be detected so it can be included in the pumping test interpretation. Otherwise, the conclusions based on the test will be erroneous apparent conductivities that are too large may be deduced, and exaggerated operation pumping rates may be suggested. 

As far as the craze drawing lifetime (Fig. 4) was concerned, estimation was certainly rather more subjective. Nevertheless, two series of tests interpreted by two different experimenters produced similar results, their estimates were supported independently by their supervisor, and neither experimenter knew of the values which would be predicted by the model. For this material Af = 310k density, specific enthalpy and thermal conductivity were known as functions of temperature and the craze stress measured using full notch impact tests was in the range 20-30 MPa. Figure 5 compares the measured decohesion times to those predicted by the model, plotted as trend lines for two constant values of cohesive stress — 20 and 50 MPa — and two values of effective molecular weight (which has only a secondary effect). 

Carry out both of the following reactions. Compare the products formed. Run necessary solubility and simple qualitative tests. Interpret your results and propose structures for the compounds produced in each of the reactions. 

For all these tests, interpretation and use would be easier if data on baseline responses were available. Currently, the quantity and quality of baseline data vary between tests. In the cases of standardised tests, such as the earthworm reproduction bioassay, performance criteria exist that can be used to discern if an observed effect is significant. For other assays, information of this type is not available. One area that any work to establish baselines should focus on is the interplay between soil factors, ecotypes and measured responses. This will give baselines for variation within the tests and will help to derive performance criteria that can be used as part of an algorithm to discern the status of a given location. 

Therefore, as the above paragraphs suggest, schema-based assessment requires a reconsideration of the basic principles behind test construction and use. The issues just mentioned outline some of the differences between schema-based tests and traditional tests. The remainder of this chapter examines some of the major implications of schema theory for test development and test interpretation. Some of the implications are far-reaching and must await new methodologies. Others are candidates for immediate implementation. 

Rank-order compounds by properties for subsequent in vivo tests Interpretation of biological activity tests Provide feedback for property optimization... 

Chapters 4-6 deal explicitly with the standard "sensitivity" tests and with some of the recent attempts to improve them. Other discussions in the chapters try to understand the function of the tests, interpret their meaning, and detail the material and other factors known to affect the measures of sensitivity. 

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