Medicine potassium

Potassium bromide is used to make photographic plates and papers and in engraving. Other uses are as a brominating agent in organic synthesis and in the bromate-bromide mixture in titrimetric analysis. In medicine potassium bromide is a sedative and anticonvulsant. 

In the human body, this compound is not metabolized and is excreted in the urine without any side effects. In medicine, potassium sodium tartrate is also used as an ingredient in laxatives. 

Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Iodides, and thyroxine which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and as a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. 

Potassium acetate is very soluble and is used in the manufacture of glass (qv), as a buffer (see Hydrogen-ION activity) or a dehydrating agent, and in medicine as a diuretic (see Diuretic agents). It is dehquescent and is used as a softening agent for papers and textiles. 

Potassium bromide is extensively used in photography (qv) and engra ving. It is the usual source of bromine in organic synthesis. In medicine, it is a classic sedative. 

Potassium bicarbonate is used in foods and medicine. It is approximately twice as effective as NaHC03 in dry-powder fire extinguishers, perhaps because the potassium affects the free-radical mechanism of flame propagation. However, the material does not have good handling characteristics. 

Aluminum Sulfate (Alum). Alum, a double sulfate of potassium and aluminum having twelve waters of crystallization, KA1(S0 2 12H20, is the earliest referenced aluminum containing compound. It was mentioned by Herodotus in the fifth century BC. The Egyptians used alum as a mordant and as a medicine the Romans used it for fireproofing. Some alums contain sodium or ammonium ions in place of potassium. 

The success of the preparation depends on the dryness of the pyridine. The pyridine was refluxed for eight hours over fresh quicklime and distilled, and then a similar treatment with pulverized potassium hydroxide followed. None of the available barium oxide gave as good results. Merck s medicinal pyridine gave the highest yields. 

Coghlan MJ, Carroll WA, Gopalaknshnan M (2001) Recent developments in the biology and medicinal chemistry of potassium channel modulators update from a decade of progress. JMed Chem 44 1627-1653 Pregnane X Receptor... 

Lithium compounds are used in ceramics, lubricants, and medicine. Small daily doses of lithium carbonate are an effective treatment for bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder but scientists still do not fully understand why. Lithium soaps—the lithium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids—are used as thickeners in lubricating greases for high-temperature applications because they have higher melting points than more conventional sodium and potassium soaps. 

Kessler, M., Hajek, K., Simon, W. Four-Barreled Microelectrode for the Measurement of Potassium, Sodium, and Calcium-Ion Activity, in Ion and Enzyme Electrodes in Biology and Medicine (Kessler, M., Clark, Jr, L. C., Lubbers, D, W., Silver, I. A., Simon, W., eds.) Munich Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1976, p. 136... 

Because disturbances in fluid balance are routinely encountered in clinical medicine, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of body fluid compartments and the therapeutic use of fluids. Similarly, disturbances in serum sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium are ubiquitous and must be mastered by all clinicians. Dysregulation of fluid and/or electrolyte status has serious implications regarding the concepts of drug absorption, volumes of distribution, and toxicity. Similarly, many medications can disrupt fluid and/or electrolyte balance as an unintended consequence. 

Widespread medicinal use of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) has prompted extensive studies of bismuth compounds involving the citrate anion. Bismuth citrate is essentially insoluble in water, but a dramatic increase in solubility with increasing pH has been exploited as a bio-ready source of soluble bismuth, a material referred to as CBS. Formulation of these solutions is complicated by the variability of the bismuth anion stoichiometry, the presence of potassium and/ or ammonium cations, the susceptibility of bismuth to oxygenation to Bi=0, and the incorporation of water in isolated solids. Consequently, a variety of formulas are classified in the literature as CBS. Solids isolated from various, often ill-defined combinations of bismuth citrate, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide have been assigned formulas on the basis of elemental analysis data or by determination of water and ammonia content, but are of low significance in the absence of complementary data other than thermal analysis (163), infrared spectroscopy (163), or NMR spectroscopy (164). In this context, the Merck index lists the chemical formula of CBS as KgfNHJaBieOafOHMCeHsCbh in the 11th edition (165), but in the most recent edition provides a less precise name, tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (166). 

FIGURE 2 Examples of the variety of structures obtained in natural product screens. I, zaragozic acid A, is an inhibitor of mammalian and fungal sterol synthesis, obtained from fungi (48) II, L-696,474, is an inhibitor of the HIV protease, obtained from fungi (51) III, dehydrosoyasaponin I, is an agonist of the calcium-activated potassium channel, obtained from a medicinal plant (58) IV, tetrandrine, is an inhibitor of L-type calcium channels, obtained from a plant (78). 

Cianchetta, G., Li, Y., Kang, J., Rampe, D., Fravolini, A., Crudani, G. and Vaz, R.J. (2005) Predictive models for hERG potassium channel blockers. Bioorganic el Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 15, 3637-3642. 

Coi, A., Massarelli, I., Murgia, L., Saraceno, M., Calderone, V. and Bianucd, A.M. (2006) Prediction of hERG potassium channel affinity by the CODESSA approach. Bioorganic el Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14, 3153-3159. 

Tobita, M., Nishikawa, T. and Nagashima, R. (2005) A discriminant model constructed by the support vector machine method for HERG potassium channel inhibitors. Bioorganic el Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 15, 2886-2890. 

Ekins, S., Balakin, K.V., Savchuk, N. and Ivanenkov, Y. (2006) Insights for human efher-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel inhibition using recursive partitioning and Kohonen and Sammon mapping techniques. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 49,... 

Ion recognition is a subject of considerable interest because of its implications in many fields chemistry, biology, medicine (clinical biochemistry), environment, etc. In particular, selective detection of metal cations involved in biological processes (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium), in clinical diagnosis (e.g., lithium, potassium, aluminum) or in pollution (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium) has received much attention. Among the various methods available for detection of ions, and more... 

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