Medical observation

The substance is irritating to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system, resulting in impaired functions. Exposure may result in death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated. 

Nebulized colistin using the IV formulation may be an option in patients with tobramycin-resistant strains or intolerance to inhaled tobramycin. Due to an increased risk of bronchoconstriction after colistin inhalation, patients should pre-treat with albuterol and administer the first doses under medical observation.1,5... 

Inhalation Prompt medical attention is mandatory in all cases of overexposure. Rescue personnel should be equipped with self-contained breathing apparatus. Conscious victims should be carried (not assisted) to an uncontaminated area and inhale fresh air with supplemental oxygen. Quick removal from the contaminated area is most important. Keep the patient warm, quiet, and under competent medical observation until the danger of delayed pulmonary edema has passed (at least for 72 h). Any physical exertion during this period should be discouraged as it may increase the severity of the pulmonary edema or chemical pneumonitis. Bed rest is indicated. Unconscious persons should be moved to an uncontaminated area, and if breathing has stopped, administer artificial resuscitation and supplemental oxygen. Once respiration has been restored they should be treated as above. 

After a single episode of intoxication with GBL or related drugs, symptoms usually resolve with supportive care within 2-96 hours, provided users get emergency treatment before permanent complications develop. There is no antidote for these poisons. Treatment consists of careful medical observation and supportive therapy until symptoms of toxicity subside. 

Medical observations and research suggest that oxidative stress can be related to the occurrence of memory loss, implying that this adverse effect can be restricted by application of bilirubin as an antioxidant. It has been found that bilirubin possesses antioxidative activity and prevents pathological changes which appear in multiple sclerosis patients, but does not reveal any immunosuppressive effects (Liu et al. 2003). Lack of oxidative and antioxidative balance in pneumonia can activate such transcription factors as NF-kB and activating protein-1 (AP-1), which are sensitive to the redox potential (Rahman 2000). 

Workers in the dinitrophenol plant should be protected in the usual way (i.e. gloves, respirators, chMige of clothes, bath, etc.). Selection of workers hMidling dinitrophenol is also recommended since it has been shown that a great mMiy people are resistant to its toxic effects, Selection is based on 15 days medical observation of each new worker in the dinitrophenol plant, in particular in the analysis of the mine every other day. A test for the presence of Mninonitrophenols is particularly importance. Usually Denien s reaction [33] is used. According to Lazarev [31], the reaction comprises acidification of the mine with 10% sulphuric acid and diazotization with sodium nitrite, followed by shaking up the prepMed solution with an ammoniacal solution of p- naphthol. If a red colour appeMS it indicates the presence of 4-amino-2-nitrophenol in the mine, while a violet shade is evidence for the presence of 2-Mnino-4-nitrophenol. 

Proof in the strict sense cannot be delivered by a controlled clinical study, which has been called the sacred cow . (5) However, the probability of statistical error in terms of the chosen target criteria can be fixed in advance. In clinical studies, different interpretations of results are still possible, since intuitive medical observation and judgement remain indispensable in the individual case (E. Buchborn, 1982). The triad of empiricism, intuition and logic is necessary in both diagnosis and treatment (R. Gross, 1988). 

Anaphylaxis can be fatal and requires immediate treatment and measures to prevent recurrence. The Committee on Safety of Medicines, in a report cited below, recommended that allergenic products should only be given when facilities for full cardiopulmonary resuscitation are immediately available and that patients should be kept under medical observation for at least 2 hours after receiving an injection (3). 

If diphosgene is swallowed, vomiting should not be induced. For skin contact, contaminated clothing should be removed and the exposed area flushed with water and soap for at least 15 min. Patient should be under medical observation for at least 48 h. 

Pounds JB, Long GJ, Rosen JR Cellular and molecular toxicity of lead in bone. Environ Health Perspect 1991 91 17-32. Fothergill J. Observations on disorders to which painters in water colours are exposed. Medical Observations and Inquiries 1775 5 393-405. 

The Science of Foreknowledge. Sepbarial, 1916. Transits and Flanctarg Periods. Sepharlal, 1920. Mss. BM London, SI. 997. Collection of medical observations. Tables of Sigils and Alchemical Receipts (by Robert Shelton). 

Suspected, but unconfirmed, exposure to a nerve agent sometimes occurs in an area where liquid agent was present. A person without signs or symptoms may be unsure whether he is contaminated. In such cases, the suspected casualty should be thoroughly and completely decontaminated and kept under close medical observation for 18 hours. If a laboratory facility is available, blood should be drawn for measurement of RBC-ChE activity. 

AbaorpOon route Can enter the body by inhalation. Evaporation negigi>le at 20 C. but harmful concentrations of airborne particles can build up mpkly- Immedlate elteets Irritates Me eyes, skin and respiratory tract Keep under medical observation. ... 

Absorption route Can enter the body by inhalation. Harmful atmospheric concentrations can build up very rapidly if gas is released. Immediate ects Corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of vapor/fumes can causa lung edema. Can affect the upper respiratory tract, causing nose-bleed. Can cause death. Keep under medical observation. Effects of prolonged/repeated exposure Prolonged or repeated contact to gas/fumes can cause lung disorders. Can affect the kidneys. ... 

Absorption route No data on absorption of particlss Into the body. Evaporation negligible at 20° C, but harmful atmospheric concentrations can build up rapidly in aerosol form, immediate effeete In high concentrations Is corrosive to the eyes and respiratory tract. Inhalations of high concentrations of particles can cause lung edema. Can affeot the respiratory tract. Exposure to high ooncentrations can be fatal. Keep under medical observation. ... 

Early recognition of anaphylactic shock and the immediate use of epinephrine and other supportive measures (see Chap. 8) may be life-saving. The critical time is usually the first 30-60 min after this initial phase, symptoms often subside completely, even in the absence of continuing therapy. However, patients with severe reactions may require treatment and medical observation for at least 24 h delayed fatality can occur due to severe hypotension or hypoxemia leading to infarction of parenchymatous organs such as the brain, heart, kidney, or liver. Symptoms of urticaria or serum sickness may occur in the aftermath of anaphylactic reactions and last for several days. 

Experiments and Observations on the Urine in Diabetes Mellitus in Medical Observations and Enquiries. By a Society of Physicians in London, London, 1776, v, 298-316. 

Inhalation. Conscious persons should be carried (not assisted) to an uncontaminated area to breathe fresh air supplemented with oxygen. Keep the patient warm, quiet, and under qualified medical observation until the danger of delayed pulmonary edema has passed (at least 72 hours). Any physical exertion during this period should be discouraged as it may increase... 

If nitric oxide is inhaled, remove the individual to fresh air and get immediate medical attention. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. Keep the person warm and quiet. Keep victims under competent medical observation for 48 to 72 hours or until the hazard of delayed pulmonary edema has passed. First aid in treating met-hemoglobin formation involves the administration of oxygen. 

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