Mechanisms of immunity

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With all these caveats, in our personal opinion, most of the current candidates could never be more than a component in a schistosome vaccine because of the intrinsic limitations in the immune responses they provoke. We believe that evolution has equipped schistosomes to deal with the potential threat posed by ADCC in the skin, and we need to broaden our search to other targets, and/or mechanisms of immune attack. 

Tests for immunotoxicity are not required by all regulatory agencies, but it is an area of great interest, both in the fundamental mechanisms of immune function and in the design of tests to measure impairment of immune function. Both of these aspects are discussed in detail in Chapter 19. 

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Honda, K., Takeda, K. Regulatory mechanisms of immune responses to intestinal bacteria. Mucosal Immunol 2 (2009) 187-196. 

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Yu RK, Ariga T (1998) The role of glycosphin-golipids in neurological disorders. Mechanisms of immune action. Ann NY Acad Sci 845 285— 306... 

In vitro investigations have attempted to clarify the mechanism of immune activation but so far have provided limited data. Studies testing the hypothesis that implicated tryptophan or EBT can trigger PBMCs to release cytokines have been equivocal, although one study found that EBT activates eosinophils and induces IL-5 production from T cells. Another recent study found that certain lots of L-tryptophan could stimulate PBMCs to release granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) this response, however, was caused by endotoxin contamination and not associated with case lots of tryptophan. The mechanism of immune activation is clearly complex and may be difficult to reproduce with an in vitro assay. Similar difficulties have been encountered in the study of immune system activation in TOS. 

One of the critical features of any discussion of the mechanisms of immune suppression must be the appreciation that robust changes in immune function can be mediated by either direct or indirect effects (or both) of a xenobiotic. Direct effects can be associated with distinct types of cells. Perhaps the best examples are cyclosporin A and related immunosuppressive drugs, such as rapamycin and FK-506, which specifically target T cells via an interaction with cytosolic and/or nuclear proteins to disrupt antigen-induced activation of transcription. To date, despite the tremendous evolution of the discipline of immunotoxicology, no other xenobiotic associated... 

Grayson, T.H., L.F. Cooper, A.B. Wrathmell, J. Roper, A.J. Evenden and M.L. Gilpin. Host responses to Renibacterium salmoninarum and specific components of the pathogen reveal the mechanisms of immune suppression and activation. Immunology 106 273-283, 2002. 

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