Maximum acceptable levels

For minor species in the produced syngas, the maximum acceptable levels are reported to be even more stringent as the catalysts used are intrinsically very sensitive to small amounts of impurities (see Tables 6.4 and 6.5). Generally, economic considerations govern... 

For each dmg substance, the maximum acceptable levels of the various impurities are described in the drug substance monograph or the specification included in the submissions to the regulatory authorities. In this chapter, the ICH Q6A [4] and Q6B [5] definition of specification is used. A specification consists of three parts the test (e.g. moisture content, impurities), references to the analytical procedure (e.g. high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC], gas chromatography [GC]), and the acceptance criterion (e.g. not more than 0.50%). 

Parameter Maximum Acceptable Level Objective Limit... 

The low detection limits and rapid, multielement analysis provided by ICP-MS make it particularly attractive for environmental applications, in which high sample throughput is often essential. For several elements, including Pb, the maximum acceptable levels have decreased as the ability to measure lower and lower concentrations has improved. ICP-MS measurements are used to assess environmental quality, including meeting legislated requirements to investigate the natural sources and transport of elements and to identify sources of pollutants. 

The water-gas-shift reaction (Eqn. 1) has been studied extensively as a basis for improving the yield of hydrogen production. In many applications, including ammonia synthesis or fuel reforming for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, the maximum acceptable level of CO in hydrogen is in the parts per million range, therefore the water-gas shift reaction is needed. 

In this chapter, procedures are outlined for defining and showing the lowest reliable determination of Pb in food by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption Spectrophotometry (ET-AAS), especially as regards milk and infant formulae, where the maximum acceptable level is 20 pg kg 1 fresh weight as defined by Directive 92/46/EEC and Directive 91/321/EEC, respectively [1],... 

In 1954, Congress enacted the Miller Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), which required that a maximum acceptable level (tolerance) be established for pesticide residues in foods and animal feed (for example, 10.0 ppm carbaryl in lettuce, or 1.0 ppm ethyl parathion on string beans). In 1958, congress enacted the Food Additives Amendment to FFDCA, which regulated pesticide residues in processed foods. 

After each run, the full batch of product should be subject to visual inspection, with particular attention paid to lyophilization-related defects [13]. The various defects should be tabulated and the acceptance criteria may state a maximum acceptable level for each defect. 

EPA recommends three approaches (1) if the toxicity data on mixture of concern are available, the quantitative risk assessment is done directly form these preferred data (2) when toxicity data are not available for the mixture of concern, data of a sufficiently similar mixture can be used to derive quantitative risk assessment for mixture of concern and (3) if the data are not available for both mixture of concern and the similar mixture, mixture effects can be evaluated from the toxicity data of components. According to EPA, the dose-additive models reasonably predict the systemic toxicity of mixtures composed of similar (dose addition) and dissimilar (response addition) compounds. Therefore, the potential health risk of a mixture can be estimated using a hazard index (HI) derived by summation of the ratios of the actual human exposure level to estimated maximum acceptable level of each toxicant. A HI near to unity is suggestive of concern for public health. This approach will hold true for the mixtures that do not deviate from additivity and do not consider the mode of action of chemicals. Modifications of the standard HI approach are being developed to take account of the data on interactions. 

The limit of quantitation (LOQ) is defined by the maximum acceptable level of uncertainty in the measured values, and is generally considered to be the analyte concentration that yields a signal equal to the blank signal plus 10 standard deviations, as shown below. These and alternative definitions of LOD and LOQ are presented elsewhere.3... 

The maximum acceptable level of mercury concentration for different environmental... 

In order to avoid a crisis every time a pesticide is detected, maximum acceptable levels should be set before samples are analyzed. 

IAEA transport regulations prescribe the maximum acceptable levels of radiation measured at the surface of the package and one metre from the package permitted on road and air transport The conditions under which the packages may be transported are also prescribed. 

A completely different approach is followed by the EU for the management of xenobiotics in drinking water and, in particular, of pesticides. The EU has applied a policy of zero tolerance toward the presence of pesticides in drinking water since 1980. At that time it adopted a policy establishing the maximum acceptable level of pesticides in drinking water at the concentration of 0.1 (xg/1 in Directive 80/778/EEC (EEC Council Directive, 1980). This is taken as a practically zero level of tolerance, considering the analytical detection limit for most pesticides at the time of promulgation of the Directive. 

Table 5.3 Maximum acceptable levels (MALs) for residual elements in leady oxide for VRLA...

Hence, PVC products should be checked for levels of both VCM and plasticisers, although it is now possible for the residual monomer to be removed completely from polymer matrices, and in most cases residual vinyl chloride monomer levels in PVC worldwide are well below the maximum acceptable levels, typically from undetectable to a few parts per billion (ppb). PVC resins should almost always be supplied nearly free of any residual or unreacted monomers. 

This gas contribution has to be evaluated case by case since it depends strictly on the actual foaming conditions, such as the chemicals used, the process variables, the refrigerator design and VIP geometry. However, under some circumstances, the pressure increase can be a measurable fraction of the maximum acceptable level, thus causing a deterioration of the VIP thermal insulation properties from the very beginning of the refrigerator life. 

Table 3 Maximum acceptable levels for a range of mycotoxins in foodstuffs for a selection of countries ...

Alternatively, the shutter may introduce an opaque filter in the instrument optical path. Sampling each diode from the array for residual current with the highly absorbing filter placed in front of the entrance slit provides the dark current test result. Dark current values higher than a maximum accepted level indicate a system malfunction. 

Health Canada has recommended a maximum acceptable level of 350 /ag/L for trihalomethanes in drinking water. The U.S. EPA recommendation is 100 /xg/L. Risk estimates for exposure to trihalomethanes at this concentration based on 2 L of water per day for a 70-kg man is 1 in 2.5 million per year. Chloroform poses the highest cancer risk. 

Because the police were not immediately notified of the spill, five hours passed before the public was notified. Company employees were preoccupied with attempts to rescue the driver from the tmck and getting the container out of the water. It was found that 1,762 kg of cyanide briquets were missing. The Ministry of Environmental Protection found cyanide levels in the river to he 1,600 times the maximum acceptable level during the spill, but a day later the concentrations fell to acceptable levels. 

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