Mass spectrometry historical

There is potential confusion in the use of the word array in mass spectrometry. Historically, array has been used to describe an assemblage of small single-point ion detectors (elements), each of which acts as a separate ion current generator. Thus, arrival of ions in one of the array elements generates an ion current specifically from that element. An ion of any given m/z value is collected by one of the elements of the array. An ion of different m/z value is collected by another element. Ions of different m/z value are dispersed in space over the face of the array, and the ions are detected by m/z value at different elements (Figure 30.4). 

Table 11-1 list-s the most important types of atomic mass spectrometry. Historically, thermal ionization mass spectrometry and spark source mass spectrometry were the first mass spectrometric methods developed for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis, and these types of procedures still find applications, although they are now overshadowed by some of the other methods listed in Table 11-1, particularly inductively coupled plasma mass. spectrometry (fCPMS). 

Spectroscopy Chemical Ionisation in Mass Spectrometry Chromatography-MS, Methods Hyphenated Techniques, Applications of in Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Methods Mass Spectrometry, Historical Perspective MS-MS and MS" Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, Applications. 

See also Ion Dissociation Kinetics, Mass Spectrometry Ion Imaging Using Mass Spectrometry Ion Molecule Reactions in Mass Spectrometry Isotope Ratio Studies Using Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry, Historical Perspective Metastable Ions MS-MS and MS Neutralization-Reionization in Mass Spectrometry. 

See also Atomic Absorption, Theory Inorganic Chemistry, Applications of Mass Spectrometry Laser Appiications in Electronic Spectroscopy Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometers Laser Spectroscopy Theory Mass Spectrometry, Historical Perspective Microwave Spectrometers. 

See also Chemical Ionization in Mass Spectrometry Cosmochemical Applications using Mass Spectrometry Interstellar Molecules, Spectroscopy of Ion Energetics in Mass Spectrometry Ion Trap Mass Spectrometers Mass Spectrometry, Historical Perspective SIFT Applications in Mass Spectrometry. 

See also Biochemical Applications of Mass Spectrometry Cosmochemical Applications Using Mass Spectrometry Food Science, Applications of Mass Spectrometry Food Science, Applications of NMR Spectroscopy Forensic Science, Applications of IR Spectroscopy Forensic Science, Applications of Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Methods Interstellar Molecules, Spectroscopy of IR Spectroscopy, Theory Isotopic Labelling in Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry, Historical Perspective Medical Applications of Mass Spectrometry Scattering Theory Sector Mass Spectrometers. 

Plate 27 Portrait of Francis Aston (1877-1945) British physicist and Nobel Laureate. After WWl, Aston helped Thompson in his studies of the deflection of ions in magnetic fields. He went on to improve Thompson s apparatus, designing it so as to make all atoms of a given mass fall on the same part of a photographic plate. Working with neon, he found that two lines were isotopes. He repeated this with chlorine with similar results. The device, called the mass spectrometer, showed that most stable elements had isotopes. His work earned him the 1922 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, and introduced a powerful new analytical tool to science. See Mass Spectrometry, Historical Perspective. Reproduced with permision from Science Photo Library. 

Historically, the term SIMS was developed for bombardment of solid surfaces with ions, so, for greater descriptive precision, the name liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) is better and can be used synonymously with FAB,... 

Historical That positive rays could be deflected in electric and magnetic fields was shown as early as 1898 by Wien, but it was not until 1912 that what was to become the forerunner of the modem mass spectrometers was built by JJ. Thompson, who became known as the father of mass spectrometry. The existence of two isotopes of neon (m/e 20 and 22) was demonstrated by Thompson with this instrument. The discovery of stable isotopes of elements has been generally considered the... 

Raw foods were freeze-dried and analyzed for carbon isotopes using mass spectrometry. Cooked foods were prepared following historic recipes, then were freeze-dried prior to analysis. For the trace element analysis, foods (both raw and cooked) were wet ashed using nitric acid in Teflon lined pressure vessels and digested in a CEM Microwave oven. Analysis of Sr, Zn, Fe, Ca and Mg was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in the Department of Geology, University of Calgary. 

Entwistle, J. A. and P. W. Abrahams (1997), Multi-element analysis of soils and sediments from Scottish historical sites. The potential of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for rapid site investigation, /. Archaeol. Sci. 24, 407-416. 

DISCRIMINATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS BY PYROLYSIS MASS SPECTROMETRY FROM BURNING AMBITIONS TO COOLING EMBERS—A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE... 

For a proper understanding of the protein binder s function in artworks and historical building materials, it is essential to identify the individual proteinaceous additives and to distinguish them even in materials where they are present in very small amounts, in insoluble forms and often in matrices unsuitable from an analytical point of view. For many materials the appropriate analytical methodology has not been found up to now and, in general, this type of analyses has not become a routine technique. Thanks to the recent development of proteomics (Section 6.2) most of the afore-mentioned problems have been resolved mass spectrometry forms a fundamental platform for this new methodology. 

From a historical point of view, it is fascinating to observe how technical and theoretical development of mass spectrometry has caused the rise of proteomics. Although different ways of specific protein cleavage were well understood by the 1960s, the dramatic development of mass spectrometry at the turn of the millennium fulfilled the dream of... 

Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology 6.4.4 Mortars from Historical Buildings... 

E. Rosenberg, Characterisation of historical organic dyestuffs hy liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 391, 33 57 (2008). 

M. Puchalska, K. Polec Pawlak, I. Zadrozna, H. Hryszko and M. Jarosz, Identification of indigoid dyes in natural organic pigments used in historical art objects by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, J. Mass Spectrom., 39, 1441 1449 (2004). 

J. Batcheller, A. M. Hacke, R. Mitchell and C. M. Carr, Investigation into the nature of historical tapestries using time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF SIMS), Applied Surface Science, 252, 7113 7116(2006). 

Modern spectroscopy plays an important role in pharmaceutical analysis. Historically, spectroscopic techniques such as infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) were used primarily for characterization of drug substances and structure elucidation of synthetic impurities and degradation products. Because of the limitation in specificity (spectral and chemical interference) and sensitivity, spectroscopy alone has assumed a much less important role than chromatographic techniques in quantitative analytical applications. However, spectroscopy offers the significant advantages of simple sample preparation and expeditious operation. 

Electron ionization (earlier called electron impact) (see Chapter 2, Section 2.1.6) occupies a special position among ionization techniques. Historically it was the first method of ionization in mass spectrometry. Moreover it remains the most popular in mass spectrometry of organic compounds (not bioorganic). The main advantages of electron ionization are reliability and versatility. Besides that the existing computer libraries of mass spectra (Wiley/NIST, 2008) consist of electron ionization spectra. The fragmentation mles were also developed for the initial formation of a radical-cation as a result of electron ionization. 

Yoshinaga, J., Yoneda, M., Morita, M., and Suzuki, T. (1998). Lead in prehistoric, historic and contemporary Japanese stable isotopic study by ICP mass spectrometry. Applied Geochemistry 13 403 113. 

Historically, some of those approaches have been developed with a considerable degree of independence, leading to a proliferation of thermochemical concepts and conventions that may be difficult to grasp. Moreover, the past decades have witnessed the development of new experimental methods, in solution and in the gas phase, that have allowed the thermochemical study of neutral and ionic molecular species not amenable to the classic calorimetric and noncalorimetric techniques. Thus, even the expert reader (e.g., someone who works on thermochemistry or chemical kinetics) is often challenged by the variety of new and sophisticated methods that have enriched the literature. For example, it is not uncommon for a calorimetrist to have no idea about the reliability of mass spectrometry data quoted from a paper many gas-phase kineticists ignore the impact that photoacoustic calorimetry results may have in their own field most experimentalists are notoriously unaware of the importance of computational chemistry computational chemists often compare their results with less reliable experimental values and the consistency of thermochemical data is a frequently ignored issue and responsible for many inaccuracies in literature values. 

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