Proteins, binders

R. A. Olson and P. T. Hoeldede, in R. Stiauss, ed.. Protein Binders in Paper and Paperboard Coating Tappi Monograph Series No. 36, Tappi Press, Adanta, Ga., 1975, pp. 75—96. 

Three forms of folate appear to be transported ia the blood foHc acid, folate loosely bouad to low affinity binder semm proteins (such as albumin, a-macroglobulin, and transferrin), and folate bound to high affinity protein binders. Approximately 5% of total semm folate is being transported by high... 

For a proper understanding of the protein binder s function in artworks and historical building materials, it is essential to identify the individual proteinaceous additives and to distinguish them even in materials where they are present in very small amounts, in insoluble forms and often in matrices unsuitable from an analytical point of view. For many materials the appropriate analytical methodology has not been found up to now and, in general, this type of analyses has not become a routine technique. Thanks to the recent development of proteomics (Section 6.2) most of the afore-mentioned problems have been resolved mass spectrometry forms a fundamental platform for this new methodology. 

Egg yolk and white were used in paintings either separated or, more often, together. Egg or egg yolk temperas served as the most common protein binders in colour layers of artworks. Egg white alone was used in book illustrations, but it was usually not involved in other artworks because colour layers containing it were too fragile. Egg yolk in temperas has always been popular because of the higher content of lipids, which make the layers elastic and increases their adhesion to the surface. 

According to the predominant component, the binders are usually divided into protein, oil, polysaccharide, and resin binders. In this section we shall focus on protein binders but it is worth mentioning that in the majority of natural non-protein binders a minority protein component is usually present as well. Thus many of the analytical techniques described here can be (with certain limitations) applied to them as well. Although in colour layers of artworks and particularly in paintings protein binders are relatively abundant (up to 10%), their identification is often limited by a small amount of sample that is usually available for analysis (tens or hundreds of micrograms at most [6]). 

In the last decade, modem biochemical methods have been used for analysis of protein binders [20,21] in one case a group led by A. Heginbotham identified egg proteins in a seventeenth century painting using immunofluorescent microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [20]. 

Proteomics of Protein Binders Peptide Mass Mapping Using Mass Spectrometry... 

Data Analysis Application of Protein Binders Library ... 

R. Hynek, S. Kuckova, J. Hradilova, M. Kodicek, Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry as a tool for fast identification of protein binders in color layers of paintings, Rapid. Commun. Mass Spectrom., 18, 1 5 (2004). 

P. Prikryl, L. Havlfckova, V. Pacakova, J. Hradilova, K. Stulik, P. Hofta, An Evaluation of GC MS and HPLC FD Methods for Analysis of Protein Binders in Paintings Journal of Separation Science, 29, 2653 2663 (2006). 

C. A. S. Barnes, D. E. Clemmer Assessment of purity and screening of peptide libraries by nested ion mobdity-TOFMS identification of RNase S-protein binders. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 424-433. 

In this chapter, we will not cover work in which metal complexes are tethered to protein binders but only examples in which the metal center has a truly structural role in organizing the ligand sphere in the binding pocket of the target... 

Occasionally, it has been possible to date rock art directly by chemically analyzing the organic materials that were used to draw it, for example, charcoal, plant fibers, and protein binders. A major problem with this approach, however, is that the sampling procedure damages the rock art to a certain extent. 

The aluminum hydroxide gel referred to in the USP 28 is used in cosmetics as an emollient, filler, humectant, a mild astringent, and viscosity controlling agent. In pharmaceutical preparations it is used as an adsorbent, and as a protein binder. It is also used therapeutically as an antacid, and as an abrasive in dentrifrices. It is not, however, used as a vaccine adjuvant. 

The antigens are colored pink parts of the antibody are colored as in Fig. 2.2. It can be seen that there is extensive binding to residues which formally belong to the framework, either in the dimer interface region for hapten binders or binders of peptides (which frequently use a side-chain in a hapten-like binding mode), and to the outer loop in protein binders. Hapten binders commonly form a deep, funnel-shaped binding pocket en-... 

Press-Aid. [Prespose] Synthetic wax or blends with com gluten protein binder. 

Sol-U-Tein. [Fanning] Albumen or hydrolyzed soy protein binder, coagulant for pharmaceuticals and personal care prods. dye mordant in textiles, adhesives, veneers, sizii and making papers gilding leather, book bii i food applic. 

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