Blood mass spectrometry

Kemna, E., Tjalsma, H., Laarakkers, C., Nemeth, E., Willems, H., and Swinkels, D. Novel urine hepcidin assay by mass spectrometry. Blood, 106 3268-3270,... 

Several methods are available for the analysis of trichloroethylene in biological media. The method of choice depends on the nature of the sample matrix cost of analysis required precision, accuracy, and detection limit and turnaround time of the method. The main analytical method used to analyze for the presence of trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroethanol and TCA, in biological samples is separation by gas chromatography (GC) combined with detection by mass spectrometry (MS) or electron capture detection (ECD). Trichloroethylene and/or its metabolites have been detected in exhaled air, blood, urine, breast milk, and tissues. Details on sample preparation, analytical method, and sensitivity and accuracy of selected methods are provided in Table 6-1. 

Chance DH, Adam BW, Smith SJ, Alexander JR, Hillman SL, Hannon WH (1999) Validation of accuracy-based amino acid reference materials in dried-blood spots by tandem mass spectrometry for newborn screening assays. Clin Chem 45 1269-1277. 

Calcium exists in the human body as Ca(II) protein-bound and free Ca (II) ions (Dilana et al. 1994). For total extracellular Ca in plasma, serum and urine a definitive isotope dilution-mass spectrometry (ID-MS) method exist. Free Ca(II) in plasma/serum can be determined with PISE, but no definitive and reference methods exist. For Ca in faeces, tissue and blood flame atomic absorption (FAAS) is used widely. 

Naito, Y. Ishikawa, K. Koga, Y. Tsuneyoshi, T. Terunuma, H. Arakawa, R. Molecular mass measurement of polymerase chain reaction products amplified from human blood DNA by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1995,9,1484-1486. 

The low concentrations of lead in plasma, relative to red blood cells, has made it extremely difficult to accurately measure plasma lead concentrations in humans, particularly at low PbB concentrations (i.e., less than 20 pg/dL). However, more recent measurements have been achieved with inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which has a higher analytical sensitivity than earlier atomic absorption spectrometry methods. Using this analytical technique, recent studies have shown that plasma lead concentrations may correlate more strongly with bone lead levels than do PbB concentrations (Cake et al. 1996 Hemandez-Avila et al. 1998). The above studies were conducted in adults, similar studies of children have not been reported. 

Delves HT, Campbell MJ. 1988. Measurements of total lead concentrations and of lead isotope ratios in whole blood by use of inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry. J Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 3 343-348. 

Zhang Z-W, Shimbo S, Ochi N, et al. 1997. Determination of lead and cadmium in food and blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry a comparison with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Science of the Total Environment 205(2-3) 179-187. 

Adkins, J.N., Vamum, S.M., Auberry, K.J., Moore, R.J., Angell, N.H., Smith, R.D., Springer, D.L., Pounds, J.G. (2002). Toward a human blood serum proteome analysis by multidimensional separation coupled with mass spectrometry. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 1,47-955. 

RASHED, M.S., BUCKNALL, M.P., LITTLE, D., AWAD, A., JACOB, M., ALAMOUDI, M., ALWATTAR, M., OZAND, P.T., Screening blood spots for inborn errors of metabolism by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with a microplate batch process and a computer algorithm for automated flagging of abnormal profiles, Clin. Chem., 1997,43,1129-1141. 

Amini N. and Crescenzi C., 2003. Feasibility of an online restricted access materal/liquid chromatography/ tadem mass spectrometry method in the rapid and sensitive determination of organophosphorus trimesters in human blood plasma. J Chromatogr B 795 245. 

Taylor, P.J. et al. 2000. Simultaneous quantification of tacrolimus and sirolimus in human blood by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Ther Drug Monitor. 22 608. 

Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL. 1992. Determining volatile organic compounds in human blood from a large sample population by using purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 64 1021-1029. 

J. Yu, E. R. Butelman, J. H. Woods, B. T. Chait, and M. J. Rreek. In Vitro Biotransformation of Dynorphin A (1-17) is Similar in Human and Rhesus Monkey Blood as Studied by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Then, 279(1996) 507-514. 

M. Kala, M. Kochanowski. The Determination of A9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (9THC) and 11-nor-9-Carboxy-A9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) in Blood and Urine Using Gas Chromatography Negative Ion Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS-NCI), Chemical Analysis (Warsaw), 51, 2006. 

The progress made in interfacingHPLC instruments with mass spectrometry has been a significant development for laboratory analyses in the pharmaceutical industry. The low concentrations of test drugs in extracts of blood, plasmas, serums, and urine are no problem for this highly sensitive HPLC detector. In addition, the analysis is extremely fast. Lots of samples with very low concentrations of the test drugs can thus be analyzed in a very short time. At the MDS Pharma Services facility in Lincoln, Nebraska, for example, a very busy pharmaceutical laboratory houses over 20 LC-MS units, and they are all in heavy use daily. 

The most commonly used methods for measuring mirex in blood, tissues (including adipose tissue), milk, and feces are gas chromatography (GC) or capillary GC combined with electron capture detection (ECD) or mass spectrometry (MS). Tables 6-1 and 6-2 summarize the applicable analytical methods for determining mirex and chlordecone, respectively, in biological fluids and tissues. 

Hattori H, Suzuki U, Yasuoka T, et al. 1982. Identification and quantitation of disulfoton in urine and blood of a cadaver by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi 36 411 -413. 

The Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences Division of the Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control, Centers for Disease Control, is developing methods for the analysis of bromomethane and other volatile organic compounds in blood. These methods use purge and trap methodology and magnetic mass spectrometry which gives detection limits in the low parts per trillion range. 

Hime GW, Hearn WL, Rose S, Cofino J. 1991. Analysis of cocaine and cocaethylene in blood and tissues by GC—NPD and GC-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 15 241. 

Inoue H, Maeno Y, Iwasa M, Matoba, R, Nagas M. 2000. Screening and determination of benzodiazepines in whole blood using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatogra-phy/mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 113 367. 

Berna M, Ackermann B, Ruterbories K, Glass S. 2002. Determination of olanzapine in human blood by liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 767(1) 163-168. 

Gergov M, Ojanpera I, Vuori E. 2003. Simultaneous screening for 238 drugs in blood by liquid chromatography-ionspray tandem mass spectrometry with multiple-reaction monitoring. J Chromatogr B 795 41. 

Seno H, Hattori H, Ishoo A, Kumazawa T, Watanabe-Suzuki K, et al. 1999. High performance liquid chromatography/ electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for phenothiazines with heavy side chains in whole blood. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13 2394. 

Sklerov JH, Magluilo J Jr, Shannon KK, Smith ML. 2000. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of lysergide and a major metabolite, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, in urine and blood. J Anal Toxicol 24 543. 

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