Marketing efficiency review

Fama, E. 1970. Efficient capital markets A review of theory and empirical work. Journal of Finance... 

This review adopts the broad perspective, recognizing that the primai y policy mechanisms applied to improve energy efficiency—minimum efficiency standards, incentive programs, normative and informative labeling progi ams, and technology-driven market forces—can address a vei"y wide variety of products. 

Geller, H., and Nadel, S. (1994). Market Transformation Strategies to Promote End-Use Efficiency. Annual Review ot Energy and the Environment 19 301—346. 

Recently a decreased level of CE activity has been noticed with a shift of attention towards other separation techniques such as electrochromatography. CE is apparently not more frequently used partly because of early instrumental problems associated with lower sensitivity, sample injection, and lack of precision and reliability compared with HPLC. CE has slumped in many application areas with relatively few accepted routine methods and few manufacturers in the market place. While the slow acceptance of electrokinetic separations in polymer analysis has been attributed to conservatism [905], it is more likely that as yet no unique information has been generated in this area or eventually only the same information has been gathered in a more efficient manner than by conventional means. The applications of CE have recently been reviewed [949,950] metal ion determination by CE was specifically addressed by Pacakova et al. [951]. 

In the following section of this chapter we analyse the various types of market structure that occur in the case of pharmaceuticals, and we review the different factors that can limit the functioning of price competition in this market on both the supply side and the demand side. Finally, we analyse possible forms of intervention, in particular mechanisms to encourage price competition in pharmaceutical markets, and discuss the extent to which they might improve efficiency and social welfare. 

Donohue, John J., Ill, and Stephen D. Levitt. Guns, Violence and the Efficiency of Illegal Markets. American Economic Review, vol. 88, May 1998, pp. 463ff. Analyzes the role of guns in economic planning by criminals such as drug gangsters. The authors conclude that their decisions are based more on who is likely to win a confrontation than on the lethality of the weapons used. 

Later, 1 examine efficiency issues in information markets. The common-law tort system, which exists to reduce the costs of managing damages from remote risks, is the subject of great scholarly and political dispute. I review the controversies, in general and in the context of chemicals. 

While efficiency dictates that different prices are charged in different markets, observable price differentials are not always due to reasons of economic efficiency or profit-maximization. Pharmaceutical prices are widely subject to nation-specific government regulation and a host of other factors. Bale (1998) provides a comprehensive review of potential reasons for price differences across countries. These include differences in such factors as IPR regimes, product liability laws, inflation rates, exchange rates, governmental price controls, per capita income, and regulatory systems. 

Port, M., Idee, J.M., Medina, C., et al. (2008) Efficiency, thermodynamic and kinetic stability of marketed gadolinium chelates and their possible clinical consequences a critical review. Biometals, 21, 469-490. 

Kurani, K. S., and T. Turrentine. 2002a. Marketing Clean and Efficient Vehicles A Review of Social Marketing and Social Science Approaches. Davis, CA Institute of Transportation Studies. UCD-ITS-RR-02-01. 

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