Marine polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Christensen JH, Platz J. 2001. Screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels, marine and freshwater sediments in Denmark. J Environ Monitor 3(5) 543-547. 

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers from the Indonesian marine sponge Dysidea herbacea are active against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (MIC 0.20 pg/ml) and the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum. Compounds 90 and 91 are also active in the brine shrimp lethality test (LC50 0.96 and 0.94 pg/ml) [81]. 

Liu H, Namikoshi M, Meguro S, Nagai H, Kobayashi H, Yao X (2004) Isolation and Characterization of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers as Inhibitors of Microtubule Assembly from the Marine Sponge Phyllospongia dendyi Collected at Palau. J Nat Prod 67 472... 

PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and OCPs were reported in Singapore s coastal marine sediments by Wurl and Obbard (2005b) and concentration levels are summarized in Table 15.5 (PCBs and PBDEs) and Table 15.6 (OCPs). Sample stations are indicated in Fig. 15.12.Total PCB concentrations ranged widely from 1.4 to 329.6 ngg-1. High concentrations were found in samples close to highly industrialized areas dominated by petrochemical plants. A notable decline in the concentration of EPCBs could be observed seawards from sample station SW3 over SW2 to SW1 (62.2-14.1 ng g-1) (Fig. 15.12) and... 

Christensen, J.H., Glasius, M., Pesceli, M., Platz, J., Pritzl, G., 2002. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine fish and blue mussels from southern Greenland. Chemosphere 47, 631-638. 

Voorspoels, S., Covaci, A., Schepens, P., 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine species from the Belgian North Sea and the Western Scheldt estuary Levels, profiles, and distribution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 4348-4357. 

Wurl, O., Obbard, J.P., 2005b. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Singapore s coastal marine sediments. Chemosphere 58, 925-933. 

Bayen, S., Lee, H.K., Obbard, J.P., 2004b. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine biological tissues using microwave assisted extraction (MAE). J. Chromatogr. A. 1035, 291-294. 

Gevao, B., Beg, M. U., Al-Ghadban, A. N., Al-Omair, A., Helaleh, M., Zafar, J. Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in coastal marine sediments receiving industrial and municipal effluents in Kuwait. Chemosphere, 62 1078-1086 (2006). 

Kelly, B. C., Ikonomou, M. G., et al (2008) Bioaccumulation behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a Canadian Arctic marine food web. Science of the Total Environment, 401(1-3) 60-72. 

Wan, Y., Hu, J., et al (2008) Trophodynamics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the marine food web of Bohai Bay, North China. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(4) 1078-1083. 

Sajwan, K.S., Senthilkumar, K., Weher-Goeke, M.A., Weber-Snapp, S., Gibson, C., Loganathan, B.G. (2008). Extremely hydrophobic Aroclor 1268 and residues of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marsh sediment collected from Superfund site in Brunswick, Georgia, USA. Marine Pollut. Bull. 56 1371-6. 

In this chapter, a rationale of the structure-activity relationships of various series of bioactive secondary metabolites from Indo-Pacific marine invertebrates is reviewed. These include alkaloids, terpenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers which were subjected to a series of bioassays in search for insecticidal, antibacterial, fungicidal, and cytotoxic lead compounds. From these various biotests, it was observed that the bioactivity of an analogue is not due to general toxicity but rather possesses a degree of specificity on a particular target biomolecule. The relationship between chemical structures and biological activity is related to the specific action of a compound. 

The polybrominated diphenyl ether derivatives have also been reported to inhibit enzymes implicated in tumor development and artherosclerotic plague which indicates their potential as promising candidates for therapeutic agents [186]. It was previously shown that the symbiotic cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria spongeliae produces the polybrominated diphenyl ether [187, 188]. The marine sponge Dysidea herbacea collected from Indonesia, yielded a series of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners [189, 190]. D. herbacea occurs in two chemotypes [188] - one chemotype contains both polychlorinated amino acid derivatives [191, 192] and sesquiterpenes [193, 194], while the second chemotype contains... 

B Johnson-Restrepo, KKannan, R Addinkand DH Adams. 2005. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in a Marine Foodweb of Coastal or da. Environmental Science and Technology 39 8243-8250 and HM Stapleton, B Brazil, RD Holbrook, etal. 2006. In Vivo and In Vitro Debromination of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE 209) by Juvenile Rainbow Trout and Common Carp. Environmental Science and Technology A0 A653-A658. 

Chua, E., Shimeta, J., Nugegoda, D., Morrison, P.D., and Clarke, B.O. 2014. Assimilation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers from Microplastics by the Marine Amphipod, Allorchestes Compressa. Environmental Science Technology. 

Kato Y, Okada S, Atobe K, Endo T, Matsubara F, Oguma T, et al. Simultaneous determination by APCI-LC/MS/MS of hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers found in marine biota. Anal Chem 2009 81(14) 5942—8. 

Liu, H., Namikoshi, M., Meguro, S., Nagai, H., Kobayashi, H., and Yao, X. (2004) Isolation and characterization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as inhibitors of microtubule assembly from the marine sponge Phyllospongia dendyi collected at Palau. J. Nat. Prod., 67, 472- 74. 

Zhang, H., Sldldum, A., Stromquist, E., Rose-Hellekant, T, and Chang, L.C. (2008b) Bioactive polybrominated diphenyl ethers from the marine sponge Dysidea sp. J. Nat. Prod., 71, 262-264. 

Francesconi, K.A. and Ghisalberti, E.L. (1985) Synthesis of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers found in marine sponges. Aust. J. Chem., 38,1271-1277. 

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