Manure environment

Guan T Y and Holley R A (2003), Pathogen survival in swine manure environments and transmission of human enteric illness A review , Journal of Environmental Quality, 32 (2), 383-391. 

Different behavior of tetracyclines and sulfonamides in sandy soils after repeated fertilization with liquid manure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 24 (4), 861-868. 

Miller, W.P., Martens, D.C., Zelazny, L.W. and Kornegay, E.T. (1986b) Forms of solid-phase copper in copper-enriched swine manure./ Environ. Qual, 15, 69-72. 

Diez-Gonzalez, F., Jarvis, G. N., Adamovich, D. A., and Russell, J. B. (2000). Use of carbonate and alkali to eliminate Escherichia coli from dairy cattle manure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 1275-1279. 

From the practical point of view, the principal variation of environment which is definitely under the control of the cultivator, is, of course, the alteration in the composition of the soil, which is brought about by scientific manuring, llie analysis of fruits and vegetables will give the ordinary agriculturist much information as to the necessary mineral ingredients to be added to the soil but in the case of essential oils, the conditions are entirely different. The various parts of the plant tissue are affected in different ways by the same mineral salts, and successful development of the fruit or any other given part of the plant may have little or no relationship with the quantity or quality of essential oil produced. So that it is only by actual distillations of the plant, or portion of the plant, coupled with an exhaustive examination of the essential oil, that informative results can be obtained. 

Jjemba PK (2002) The potential impact of veterinary and human therapeutic agents in manure and biosolids on plants grown on arable land a review. Agric Ecosyst Environ 93 267-278... 

Wei, J., Jin, Y., Sims, T., and Kniel, K. E. (2010). Manure- and biosolids-resident murine norovirus 1 attachment to and internalization by Romaine lettuce. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76,578-583. 

Yamulki S. Effect of straw addition on nitrous oxide and methane emissions from stored farmyard manures. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. 2006 112 140-145. 

Hsu J.H., Lo S.L. Charaterization and extractability of copper, manganese, and zinc in swine manure composts. J Environ Qual 2000 29 447-453. 

Mullins, C.L., Martens D.C., Miller W.P., Komegay E.T., Hallock D.L. Copper availability, form and mobility in soils from three annual copper-enriched hog manure applications. J Environ Quail982 11 316-320. 

Payne G.G., Martens D.C., Winarko C., Perera N.F. Availability and form of copper in three soils following eight annual applications of copper-enriched swine manure. J Environ Qual 1988 17 740-746. 

The main source of hormones is thus the excretions of the human population and livestock. The make-up and rate of hormone excretion by humans and animals varies as a function of their sex, age, state of reproduction and development, and for animals, their species (Table 3 [67, 79-83]). Human excretions are generally collected in sewers, while animal hormones are concentrated in manure thus, high levels of free and conjugated estrogens have been measured in raw sewage and manure [67, 79, 84-88]. Human hormones will eventually enter the environment mainly via wastewater treatment plants while hormones produced by animals reach the environment via direct excretion in fields or by manure spreading (treated or not) on the land. 

Hanselman TA, Graetz DA, Wilkie AC (2003) Manure-borne estrogens as potential environmental contaminants a review. Environ Sci Technol 37 5471-5478... 

Kumar K, Gupta SC, Baidoo SK, Chander Y, Rosen CJ (2005) Antibiotic uptake by plants from soil fertilized with animal manure. J Environ Qual 34 2082-2085... 

Dolliver H, Gupta S, Noll S (2008) Antibiotic degradation during manure composting. J Environ Qual 37 1245-1253... 

Smalla K, Fleuer H, Gotz A, Niemeyer D, Krogerrecklenfort E, Tietze E (2000) Exogenous isolation of antibiotic resistance plasmids from piggery manure slurries reveals a high prevalence and diversity of IncQ-Like plasmids. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 4854-4862... 

It is normally found in Europe and Madagascar. The natural reservoir is pigs. It is a highly infectious disease that is similar to polio in humans. It can survive in the environment for more than 5 months and can survive even longer in liquid manure. 

It is endemic in many countries of the world. The natural reservoir is birds. It is highly contagious and can survive for several weeks in a warm, humid environment, such as on birds feathers, manure, and other materials. It can survive indefinitely in frozen material. 

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