Manufacturing low-cost

Only relatively few compounds can act as primary explosives and still meet the restrictive military and industrial requirements for reflabiUty, ease of manufacture, low cost, compatibiUty, and long-term storage stabiUty under adverse environmental conditions. Most initiator explosives are dense, metaHoorganic compounds. In the United States, the most commonly used explosives for detonators include lead azide, PETN, and HMX. 2,4,6-Triamino-l,3,5-triuitrobenzene (TATB) is also used in electric detonators specially designed for use where stabiUty at elevated temperatures is essential. 

Solvent-Refined Coal Process. In the 1920s the anthracene oil fraction recovered from pyrolysis, or coking, of coal was utilized to extract 35—40% of bituminous coals at low pressures for the purpose of manufacturing low cost newspaper inks (113). Tetralin was found to have higher solvent power for coals, and the I. G. Farben Pott-Broche process (114) was developed, wherein a mixture of cresol and tetralin was used to dissolve ca 75% of brown coals at 13.8 MPa (2000 psi) and 427°C. The extract was filtered, and the filtrate vacuum distilled. The overhead was distilled a second time at atmospheric pressure to separate solvent, which was recycled to extraction, and a heavier liquid, which was sent to hydrogenation. The bottoms product from vacuum distillation, or solvent-extracted coal, was carbonized to produce electrode carbon. Filter cake from the filters was coked in rotary kilns for tar and oil recovery. A variety of liquid products were obtained from the solvent extraction-hydrogenation system (113). A similar process was employed in Japan during Wodd War II to produce electrode coke, asphalt (qv), and carbonized fuel briquettes (115). 

Neureither B, Binder F, Fischer E, Gabric Z, Koller K, Rohl S. Resist etch back as a manufacturable low cost alternative to CMP.Proceedings of the Eleventh International VLSI Multilevel Interconnect Conference 1994. pl51-157. 

The silicon nanovial MALDI target arrays used in our laboratory are usually recirculated because using them as disposables are considered too expensive. Therefore, an effort was made to manufacture low-cost polymeric high-density nanovial MALDI targets, which could be used as disposables and... 

Silver colloid is popular due to the relative ease of manufacture, low cost, and stability. One widely used method of silver colloid preparation is citrate reduction of silver nitrate (Figure 3). This results in an overall net negative charge on the colloid, which is high compared with many preparations (Figure 4). As a result, the colloid is stable for months and even years, and in some cases, with careful attention to detail, quantitative SERRS can be obtained from this colloid with relative standard deviations of less than 5%. There is, however, a change in enhancement with time, and so a standard needs to be used. 

Advantages Inexpensive and simple to manufacture low cost per watt-hour... 

The three main sources of competitive advantage in the manufacture of high value protein products are first to market, high product quaUty, and low cost (3). The first company to market a new protein biopharmaceutical, and the first to gain patent protection, enjoys a substantial advantage. The second company to enter the market may find itself enjoying only one-tenth of the sales. In the absence of patent protection, product differentiation becomes very important. Differentiation reflects a product that is purer, more active, or has a greater lot-to-lot consistency. 

The abrasive industry is highly competitive and many small companies worldwide successfully compete by specializing in a particular segment of the business, eg, disk wheels, mounted points, and mbber wheels. Costs in the fused abrasive industry are primarily in materials and electric power. Thus manufacturers seek out plant sites having the lowest power costs. Costs for coated abrasive manufacturers are capital and labor intensive and they seek out sources of low cost labor. 

Raw Materials. PVC is inherently a hard and brittle material and very sensitive to heat it thus must be modified with a variety of plasticizers, stabilizers, and other processing aids to form heat-stable flexible or semiflexible products or with lesser amounts of these processing aids for the manufacture of rigid products (see Vinyl polymers, vinyl chloride polymers). Plasticizer levels used to produce the desired softness and flexibihty in a finished product vary between 25 parts per hundred (pph) parts of PVC for flooring products to about 80—100 pph for apparel products (245). Numerous plasticizers (qv) are commercially available for PVC, although dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is by far the most widely used in industrial appHcations due to its excellent properties and low cost. For example, phosphates provide improved flame resistance, adipate esters enhance low temperature flexibihty, polymeric plasticizers such as glycol adipates and azelates improve the migration resistance, and phthalate esters provide compatibiUty and flexibihty (245). 

Fomialdehyde [50-00-0] H2C=0, is the first of the series of aUphatic aldehydes. It was discovered by Buderov ia 1859 and has been manufactured siace the beginning of the twentieth century. Annual woddwide production capacity now exceeds 15 x 10 t (calculated as 37% solution). Because of its relatively low cost, high purity, and variety of chemical reactions, formaldehyde has become one of the wodd s most important iadustrial and research chemicals (1). 

Other than fuel, the largest volume appHcation for hexane is in extraction of oil from seeds, eg, soybeans, cottonseed, safflower seed, peanuts, rapeseed, etc. Hexane has been found ideal for these appHcations because of its high solvency for oil, low boiling point, and low cost. Its narrow boiling range minimises losses, and its low benzene content minimises toxicity. These same properties also make hexane a desirable solvent and reaction medium in the manufacture of polyolefins, synthetic mbbers, and some pharmaceuticals. The solvent serves as catalyst carrier and, in some systems, assists in molecular weight regulation by precipitation of the polymer as it reaches a certain molecular size. However, most solution polymerization processes are fairly old it is likely that those processes will be replaced by more efficient nonsolvent processes in time. 

In 1933, the first roU coater was installed as an integral part of a paper machine. These on-machine coaters produce a low cost coated paper used largely for magazines. Coating of paper off-machine at speeds greater than paper machine manufacturing speeds is possible with the use of the various available blade coaters (17). 

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