Methyl nitrate manufacture

Continuous methods have also been developed for manuf of expls other than NG. As examples may be cited nitration plants for benzene (Refs 5 6a) aromatic hydrocarbons other than benz (Refs 7, 13 16) PE (Refs 17, 19, 21, 21b 22) DEG (Refs 21, 22 28) various org compds (Ref 36) cellulose, starch, sugar, etc (Ref 21) methyl nitrate (Ref 23a), etc. A continuous method for manufg propellants is described in Ref 46. A continuous method for manuf of TNT by the method of Bofors was installed in 1955 at the Fabrica Naval de Explosivos, Azul, Argentina (Ref 34a) Description of Some Continuous Methods for Manufacturing Explosives. 

Trimethylene glycol occurs in the glycerin which is produced by fermentation. There is no harm in leaving it in glycerin which is to be used for the manufacture of explosives. It may however be separated by fractional distillation. When pure it is a colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid, specific gravity (x°/4°) 1.0526 at 18°. It mixes with water in all proportions and boils at atmospheric pressure at 21 i° without decomposition. At temperatures above 15° or so, it is oxidized rapidly by nitric acid or by mixed acid. It is accordingly nitrated at 0-10° under conditions similar to those which are used in the preparation of ethyl nitrate and other simple aliphatic nitric esters (except methyl nitrate). 

With the major aspects of explosive manufacture discussed in a fairly general way, it is now time to move on to a specific example to illustrate the points that have been made. The example that will be used is methyl nitrate. This choice is not to be construed as an endorsement for methyl nitrate. On the contrary, methyl nitrate is an inferior explosive. While it is very powerful and made from very simple materials, it suffers from twin liabilities that make it unsuitable for most uses. Strike number one is that it is difficult to purify. It must be distilled to reach a good state of purity. This is definitely not recommended. In fact, it is a good recipe for a devastating explosion. 

Manufacture and Processing. Mononitrotoluenes are produced by the nitration of toluene in a manner similar to that described for nitrobenzene. The presence of the methyl group on the aromatic ring faciUtates the nitration of toluene, as compared to that of benzene, and increases the ease of oxidation which results in undesirable by-products. Thus the nitration of toluene generally is carried out at lower temperatures than the nitration of benzene to minimize oxidative side reactions. Because toluene nitrates at a faster rate than benzene, the milder conditions also reduce the formation of dinitrotoluenes. Toluene is less soluble than benzene in the acid phase, thus vigorous agitation of the reaction mixture is necessary to maximize the interfacial area of the two phases and the mass transfer of the reactants. The rate of a typical industrial nitration can be modeled in terms of a fast reaction taking place in a zone in the aqueous phase adjacent to the interface where the reaction is diffusion controlled. 

A number of reagents containing oxide components are used in zeolite manufacture [19]. Silica is provided by addihon of sodium or other alkali silicate solutions, precipitated, colloidal, or fumed silica, or tetraalkylorthosihcate (alkyl = methyl, ethyl) and certain mineral silicates such as clays and kaolin. Alumina is provided as sodium aluminate, aluminum sulfate soluhon, hydrous aluminum oxides such as pseudo boehmite, aluminum nitrate, or aluminum alkoxides. Additional alkali is added as hydroxide or as halide salts, while organic amines and/or... 

Uses Manufacture of vanillin, Michler s ketone, methyl violet, and other dyes solvent reagent for methyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, methyl furfural, nitrate, and formaldehyde chemical intermediate stabilizer reagent. 

Trinitrobenzene is present in crude TNT manufactured by mixed acid nitration and results from methyl group oxidation followed by decarboxylation." In fact, a convenient method for the synthesis of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene involves oxidation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene with a solution of sodium dichromate in sulfuric acid, followed by decarboxylation of the resulting 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid in boiling water." 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is prepared from 2,4,6-trinitro-m-xylene by a similar route." 2,4,6-Trinitroanisole can be prepared from the... 

FOX-7 FOX-7 or l,l-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene, (DADE/DADNE) [Structure (2.57)] is manufactured on a pilot-plant scale in Sweden by the nitration of 2-methyl-4,6-pyrimidinedione with mixed acids followed by aqueous hydrolysis. The outline of the method is as follows (Scheme 2.12) where the yield is around 80%. 

Wilier, R.L., and Stem, A.G. (1993) Manufacture of diethanolammonium methyl cubane nitrates for liquid gun propellants. US Patent 5,232,326 Chem. Abstr., (1994) 120 (8), 1953 . 

Lead azide is manufactured on a technical scale by the action of sodium azide on an aqueous solution of lead nitrate. According to a description of manufacture in the Wolfratshausen factory in Germany [109], the reaction is conducted in an open reactor of stainless steel, provided with a jacket warmed by hot water and a stirrer which may be lifted out of the reactor (Fig. 49). The reactor is emptied by tilting. Its upper edge is therefore fitted with a spout so that the contents pour easily. The size of the reactor is such that 4.5 kg of lead nitrate in the form of a 9-10% solution can be used in each batch. This solution is poured into the reactor, warmed to 50°C and neutralized with sodium hydroxide to a pH of about 4.0 (in the presence of methyl orange) and 150 g of dextrin mixed with a small amount of water, is added. The suspension or solution of dextrin in water should be decanted before use to separate mechanical impurities, such as sand. 

Here, one methyl group is oxidized and at the same time the benzene nucleus is nitrated in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions. Recently-developed techniques for the manufacture of tetryl treat methylamine with 2,4- or 2,6-dinitrochlorobenzene to give dinitrophenylmethylamine. This is then nitrated to tetryl. In both processes purification is carried out by washing in cold and boiling water, the latter hydrolysing the tetra-nitro compounds. Finally, the tetryl is recrystallized by dissolving in acetone and precipitated with water, or recrystallized from benzene. 

Trinitrotoluene, in addition to the usual reactions of a nitrated hydrocarbon with alkali to form dangerous explosive materials, has the property that its methyl group in the presence of alkali condenses with aldehydic substances in reactions which produce heat and which may cause fire. Aldehydic substances from the action of nitrating acid on wood are always present where TNT is being manufactured, and alkali of all kinds ought to be excluded rigorously from the premises. 

At a time when the only practicable methods for the preparation of nitromethane were the interaction of methyl iodide with silver nitrite and the Kolbe reaction from chloracetic acid, the explosive was far too expensive to merit consideration. The present cheap and large scale production of nitromethane by the vapor-phase nitration of methane and of ethane has altered the situation profoundly. Trimethylolnitromethane trinitrate is an explosive which can now be produced from coke, air, and natural gas. Nitromethane too has other interest for the manufacturer of explosives. It may be used as a component of liquid explosives, and it yields on reduction methylamine which is needed for the preparation of tetryl. 

In some oil producing countries (e.g. U.S.S.R.), toluene is obtained from aromatic fractions of petroleum or by aromatization of heavy petroleum hydrocarbons by cracking processes (in Poland studies on aromatization of petroleum were carried out by K. Smolenski [1] between 1922 and 1939). In war-time the demand for toluene for nitration was so large, that these two sources were inadequate. During World War II new methods of toluene manufacture on an industrial scale were developed starting from benzene and methyl alcohol and from n-heptane. 

Of the three isomeric xylenes, each of which yields nitro products, it is the meta-xylene or i-3-di-methyl benzene which is most easily nitrated. The number of isomeric nitro xylenes possible has been previously explained (pp. 472 and 482). In the case of meta-xylene three such nitro compounds are possible but only one is readily obtained. It is I-3-di-methyl 4-nitro benzene that is, the nitro group enters the ring ortho to one methyl group and para to the other. This is just what we should expect from the influence of the methyl group upon subsequent substitution (p. 506). The nitro xylenes are not so important as nitro benzene or the nitro toluenes, but have some use in dyestuff manufacture. 

Plochl reaction, manufacture of methyl-amine nitrate by 551 Pobedit 541 Polar Ajax 533(111/466)... 

Artifical essential oil of almond Phenylmethanal almond artificial essential oil artificial almond oil benzenecarbonal benzene carboxaldehyde oil of bitter almond Artificial Bitter Almond Oil Benzene methylal Benzoyl hydride. Synthetic oil of bitter almond Chemical intermediate for dyes, flavors, perfumes, aromatic alcohols solvent for oils, resins, cellulose acetate and nitrate manufacture of cinnamic acid, benzoic acid pharmaceuticals photographic chemicals. Oily liquid mp = -26" bp = 179° d = 1.0415 Xm = 241, 283, 290 nm (e = 15849, 1259, 1000, C6H14) ... 

Human activities have resulted in the release of a wide variety of both inorganic and organic forms of mercury. The electrical industry, chloro-alkali industry, and the burning of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, etc.) release elemental mercury into the atmosphere. Metallic mercury has also been released directly to fresh water by chloro-alkali plants, and both phenylmer-cuiy and methylmercury compounds have been released into fresh and sea water -phenylmercury by the wood paper-pulp industry, particularly in Sweden, and methyl-mercury by chemical manufacturers in Japan. Important mercury compounds which also may be released into the environment include mercury(II) oxide, mercury(II) sulfide (cinnabar), mercury chlorides, mer-cury(II) bromide, mercury(II) iodine, mer-cury(II) cyanide, mercury(II) thiocyanate, mercury(II) acetate, mercury nitrates, mercury sulfates, mercury(II) amidochloride monoalkyl- and monoarylmercury(II) halides, borates and nitrates dialkylmercury compounds like dimethylmercury, alkoxyal-kylmercury compounds or diphenylmercury (Simon and Wiihl-Couturier 2002) (for quantities involved, see Section 17.4). 

Dimethylaniline is widely used as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, rubber accelerators, explosives, and some medical products. Such important dyes as auramine, malachite green, methyl violet, crystal violet, and methylene blue are dmved from dimethylaniline. This compoimd also finds application in the preparation of quaternary alkylating compounds, such as are described under Oodeine. The explosive tetryl, which is tri-nitrophenylmethylnitramine, is manufactured by the nitration of dimethylaniline. 

Rosaniline is the color-base of magenta. The hydrochloride of the base is generally called magenta or fuchsine, although the acetate is also used under these names. Rosaniline is manufactured by ojddizing a mixture of aniline, o-toluidine, and p-toluidine, with arsenic acid, mercuric nitrate, or nitrobenzene. The reaction is analogous to that which takes place in the preparation of pararosaniline, of which rosaniline is a methyl derivative with the structure indicated by the following formula —... 

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