Incidents damage

In each case, two different methods were used in arriving at estimates the HSE TNT-equivalency method and the multienergy method. The results, in the form of side-on blast peak overpressures for various distances from blast centers, are listed in Table 7.10. In addition, some peak overpressures estimated by Sadee et al. (1976/ 1977) from Flixborough-incident damage patterns are included. The photographs in Figures 7.6a and 7.6b illustrate the practical effects of such overpressures. 

Year Company Location Incident Damage OCM-Related Causes OCM Chapter... 

Estimation of the costs of injury or ill-health to the sufferer to the employer to society. Methodological problems cost of life costing of hazardous incidents, damage accidents and product failures. 

The answers to the Minister s questions call for conceptual clarity. When concepts such as risk and incident are mentioned in the same breath, it becomes difficult to assess the nature and scale of the problem or the reference points for policy. In this document, we make a distinction between incidents, damage, risks and uncertainty. In other words, we differentiate between action leading to an actual violation of physical safety (incidents, how the consequences of that action (damage) are dealt with, and how relatively known and undisputed threats to safety (risks) are handled, as well as the safety issues arising from faulty knowledge and/or conflicting values, for which we use the collective term uncertainty . ... 

Incidents, damage, risk and uncertainty are therefore distinct dimensions of physical safety policy. Each dimension raises other political and administrative issues, but the way we deal with each one influences the way we deal with the others. That requires us to take a balanced and coherent approach to the various dimensions. 

The facility section of the plan is an important and detailed component. When drafting a plan, one should also consider listing contractors for repair and replacement issnes, third-party inspectors, and facility experience. The documentation of failures, incidents, damage, modifications, and performance contribute to continual... 

Injury incidents—damage to a person. Include all incidents that result in injury, no matter how minor. Include near incidents. 

Emergency Plan Posted, Listing of Assignments, Hazards Identified Monthly Reporting of Incidents, Damage, Fires, etc. 

Radiation Damage. It has been known for many years that bombardment of a crystal with energetic (keV to MeV) heavy ions produces regions of lattice disorder. An implanted ion entering a soHd with an initial kinetic energy of 100 keV comes to rest in the time scale of about 10 due to both electronic and nuclear coUisions. As an ion slows down and comes to rest in a crystal, it makes a number of coUisions with the lattice atoms. In these coUisions, sufficient energy may be transferred from the ion to displace an atom from its lattice site. Lattice atoms which are displaced by an incident ion are caUed primary knock-on atoms (PKA). A PKA can in turn displace other atoms, secondary knock-ons, etc. This process creates a cascade of atomic coUisions and is coUectively referred to as the coUision, or displacement, cascade. The disorder can be directiy observed by techniques sensitive to lattice stmcture, such as electron-transmission microscopy, MeV-particle channeling, and electron diffraction. 

Plant Safety. Of the many ferroalloy products produced in electric furnaces, ferromanganese has the greatest potential for furnace emptions or the more serious furnace explosions. The severity of the explosions increases with the size of the furnace. Such incidents are infrequent, but can occur, and when they do are often disastrous. Explosions usually result in extensive damage to the furnace and surrounding area, and often severe injuries or death to personnel in the immediate area. An emption is the sudden ejection of soHds, Hquids, or gases from the furnace interior. A more violent and instantaneous ejection of material, accompanied by rapid expansion of burning gas, is considered an explosion (38). 

Depletion of the Ozone Layer. As a constituent of the atmosphere, ozone forms a protective screen by absorbing radiation of wavelengths between 200 and 300 nm, which can damage DNA and be harmful to life. Consequently, a decrease in the stratospheric ozone concentration results in an increase in the uv radiation reaching the earth s surfaces, thus adversely affecting the climate as well as plant and animal life. Pot example, the incidence of skin cancer is related to the amount of exposure to uv radiation. 

It is well accepted that hypertension is a multifactorial disease. Only about 10% of the hypertensive patients have secondary hypertension for which causes, ie, partial coarctation of the renal artery, pheochromacytoma, aldosteronism, hormonal imbalances, etc, are known. The hallmark of hypertension is an abnormally elevated total peripheral resistance. In most patients hypertension produces no serious symptoms particularly in the early phase of the disease. This is why hypertension is called a silent killer. However, prolonged suffering of high arterial blood pressure leads to end organ damage, causing stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, etc. Adequate treatment of hypertension has been proven to decrease the incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortaUty and therefore prolong life (176—183). 

Process Safety Considerations. Unit optimization studies combined with dynamic simulations of the process may identify operating conditions that are unsafe regarding fire safety, equipment damage potential, and operating sensitivity. Several instances of fires and deflagrations in ethylene oxide production units have been reported in the past (160). These incidents have occurred in both the reaction cycle and ethylene oxide refining areas. Therefore, ethylene oxide units should always be designed to prevent the formation of explosive gas mixtures. 

Quantitative Fire and Explosion Index (FExplosion Index Hazard Classification Guide, 1994 Lees, 1980, pp. 149-160). The F EI is used to rate the potential of hazard from fires and explosions. Its purpose is to quantify damage from an incident. It identifies equipment that could contribute to an incident and ways to mitigate possible incidents. It is a way to communicate to management the quantitative hazard potential. 

A blast incident overpressure of 35 kN/m" (5 psi) is often used to define the region beyond which the damage caused will be minor and not lead to significant involvement of plant and equipment beyond the 35 kN/m" boundary. 

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