Male-attracting

Keywords Pheromones Female moth Male attractants Chemical ecology Mating disruption... 

Fig. 2 Taxonomy and pheromone studies of insects in the superfamily of Noctuoidea. The numbers before and after + in parenthesis of each group indicates the total number of species whose female sex pheromone and male attractant have been reported respectively. Each mark after the group name indicates that some species within the group produces a pheromone component of Type I ( with a common functional group, with a novel functional group), Type II (A), or others )...

Diprion jingyuanensis CW Virgin female-produced male attractant Propanoate of (2S,3R,7R)-3,7-dimethyltridecan-2-ol 3 [36]... 

Neodiprion sertifer Virgin female-produced male attractant Acetate propanoate of (2S,3S,7S)-3,7-dimethyl-pentadecan-2-ol 1. Depending on the population, the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer of the acetate can be benign, inhibitory, or necessary. [27,40,41]... 

Male sand flies release this sex pheromone to attract females for mating. The males attractant is more potent when mingled with odors from a host that can furnish a blood meal, so that a male sand fly is a more efficient lure for females when he is on an appropriate host. This host attractant in humans is some component of skin odor, but its chemical nature is still obscure. Experiments with human volunteers have revealed that individuals have widely differing levels of attraction for sand flies and that a single individual s attractiveness fluctuates over time. Male sand flies respond to these host odors just as females do, even though they do not feed on blood. In this way, flies can meet and mate on a host, and the mated female can proceed to take a blood meal at once in preparation for laying her eggs. 

Previous studies of male attractiveness have usually involved asking women to assess male attractiveness from photographs, and mating success has been measured using retrospective self-reporting. The Calahonda and whole-ejaculate studies allow the conclusions from these previous studies by other authors to be checked using much more direct measures. 

The female produced sex pheromone of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus unicolor (formerly called A. megatoma or A. piceus) has been identified as early as 1967 to be (3 ,5Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid, megatomoic acid 106 [204,205] (Scheme 12). The (3Z)-isomer of megatomoic acid was found to be the major male attracting component in the female produced pheromone of A. brunneus (formerly A. elongatulus) [206]. 

Females of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus, release a male attracting pheromone from the tip of their abdomen. The volatile signal contains five unsaturated, branched C8-acids 208-212 [376,377]. Individual compounds proved to be active while mixtures showed additive effects. Similarly, compounds 208 and 209 have been identified as the female produced sex pheromone of C. subinnotatus [378], while 209 had been described as the sex pheromone of C. analis [379]. However, GC-MS analyses of female produced volatiles of C. analis failed to detect any of the C. maculatus compounds, but did find an unidentified C8-acid with a retention time different from any of the C. maculatus acids [377]. 

Thresholds of the olfactory receptors of male goldfish are 35 pg/ml water for the prostaglandin F2a, and 100 times less for its 15-keto-derivative. The males receptor threshold for 17,20-progesterone (from females) is a tiny fraction of 1 pg/ml water. Three grams (one teaspoonful) would provide an abovethreshold stimulus when diluted in 500 x 500 x 500 m water (Bjerselius and Olsen, 1993). In lampreys, testosterone from males attracts females at a concentration of 29 pg/ml water but urine with a testosterone concentration of 29 X 10 pg/ml is active (Adams etal., 1987). 

In lek species, the male s mating success can depend upon female odors, which attract the females to males. In both Uganda kob Kobus kob thomasi) and Kafue lechwe Kobus leche kafuensis), males attract estrous females to small breeding territories within a lek. Mating success of a male is site specific it is predicted by the success of the previous occupant of the same territory and not by... 

L-isoleucine methyl ester, N-formyl L-isoleucine methyl ester and N-acetyl L-isoleucine methyl ester. The major component of the male attractant pheromone of the scarab beetle, Holotrichia reynaudi, was identified as anisole. ... 

The male produced sex pheromone of the red-shouldered stink bug, Thyantapallidovirens Stal (Hemiptera Pentatomidae), was shown to consist of a blend of methyl ( "2, Z 4,. Z6)-decatrienoate and the sesquiterpenes (+)-a-curcumene, (—)-zingiberene and (—)-P-sesquiphellandrene. In laboratory bioassays, sexually mature males attracted sexually mature females but not males, and females did not attract either sex. Pheromone... 

The pheromone for Eurytoma amygladi Enderlein (Hymenoptera Eury-tomidae), the almond seed wasp, was recently reported. Bioassays suggested that two alkadienes, (2, 2 )-6,9-tricosadiene [(Z, Z )-6,9-C23 2l and (Z, Z )-6,9-pentacosadiene [(Z, Z)-6,9-C25 2] and to a lesser extent alkenes identified in the extracts of virgin female E. amygladi were male attractants. Identification was based on GC, MS, and gas phase IR data. ... 

Analyses of the pheromone glands of the kvoAcAnadevidiapeponis and Maddunnoughia confusa, showed that A. peponis produces six monoene acetates and two monoene alcohols and that M. confusa produces five monoene acetates. These components include (2 )-7-dodecenyl acetate as a major common constituent and three other acetates as minor common constituents. The minor constituents are quite different in blend composition. An indispensable component for male attraction is (Z )-5-decenyl acetate... 

Male attraction to the female sex pheromone has been studied for the development of environmentally safe control methods. One important drawback of the mating disruption technique is that only male behaviour is affected, so the efficacy of pheromonal methods can be greatly enhanced by compounds that affect also female behaviour [378]. 

Atrax infensus V Males attracted to hidden females Flickman, 1964... 

Papke, M.D., Riechert, S.E. and Schulz, S. (2001). An airborne female pheromone associated with male attraction and courtship in a desert spider. Animal Behaviour 61 877-886. 

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