Making a New Product

That approach sounds simple and direct. The problem is that the chemical component of many natural products is often very complex. A quick review of the chemical structures shown in this chapter confirms the challenge a chemist faces when he or she sets out to find a way of making a new product synthetically. 

Scientists synthesize new compounds for many uses. Once they make a new product, they must check its identity. One way is to carry out a chemical analysis that provides a percentage composition. For example, in 1962, two chemists made a new compound from xenon and fluorine. Before 1962, scientists thought that xenon did not form compounds. The scientists analyzed their surprising find. They found that it had a percentage composition of 63.3% Xe and 36.7% F, which is the same as that for the formula XeF4. Percentage composition not only helps verify a substance s identity but also can be used to compare the ratio of masses contributed by the elements in two substances, as in Figure 8. 

In some cases it may be possible to make a new product using OEC that could not be made previously with an air/fuel system. This is particularly true when very high temperatures are required. 

Second, taxes owed or payable depend not only on what is manufactured and sold but also on where it is manufactured. Drug companies can and do make decisions to manufacture products in jurisdictions that will afford them the best profile of after-tax cash flows. The availability of tax credits for locating manufacturing operations in U.S. possessions, such as Puerto Rico, substantially reduces the tax liability of pharmaceutical companies. (See chapter 8 for more detail.) Thus, the opportunity to make a new product in a low-tax jurisdiction means that the extra taxes incurred as a result of the introduction of a new group of products will certainly fall short of the statutory marginal corporate tax rate. 

Runs to make a new product were carried out in lab and pilot-plant equipment using both batch and continuous operations. For the tests shown in Table 1.1, the temperature, initial concentrations, and reaction time were the same. How accurately can the performance of the large reactor be predicted ... 

Cooper, R. G. (1980), Project Newprod What Makes a New Product a Winner , Quebec Industrial Innovation Center, Montreal. 

For plastics recycling (or recycling of other materials) to occur, three basic elements must be in place. First, there must be a system for collecting the targeted materials. Second, there must be a facility capable of processing the collected recyclables into a form which can be utilized by manufacturers to make a new product. Third, new products made in whole or part from the recycled material must be manufactured and sold. While the end uses differ substantially for different plastics, there are some similarities in collection and processing which can usefully be discussed in a generic fashion. 

FASTER TIME TO MARKET A firm can intrcxluce a new product much more quickly onhne as compared with doing so via physical channels. A firm that sells electronics through physical channels must produce enough units to stcx k the shelves at its distributors and retailers before it starts to see revenue from the new product. A firm selling onhne, in contrast, makes a new product available onhne as soon as the first unit is ready to be prcxluced. This is evident at Wahnart. com, where larger new TVs go on sale well before they are sold at Wahnart stores. 

Sometimes chemists need to change the structure of an arene in order to make a new product. Examples include the manufacture of detergents or the reactants needed to make plastics, such as poly(phenylethene) - commonly known as polystyrene. They can use a Friedel-Crafts reaction to substitute a hydrogen in the benzene ring for an alkyl group, such as a methyl (—CH3) or an ethyl (—CjHj) group ... 

You have designed a small PFR to make a new product, whose code name is PARTOX. The reaction sequence can be represented as A —> R —> S, where PARTOX is species R. Hip has reviewed your design and has sent you the following e-mail ... 

Furthermore, increased governmental scmtiny of chemical substances will make it more difficult to bring a new product to market. The choice of comonomers and copolymers maybe based pardy on EPA, EDA, OSHA, and TSCA rulings. In addition to these regulations, the thmst toward recycling polymers is expected to impact copolymer production. The abiUty to recover and reprocess these materials will be a key factor for economic success. 

The major PET manufacturers are depolymerizing scrap PET with glycols (glycolysis) or methanol (methanolysis) to form low-molecular-weight polyester diols (and BHET) and dimethyl terephthalate.3 The purified products are then used to make new products. Goodyear uses glycolysis to make REPETE, a new product which contains 10-20% recycled PET. Hoechst Celanese used methanolysis to produce DMT for repolymerization. Eastman Chemicals uses depolymerization of PET to recover used X-ray scrap. 

If testing involves a new product that is not yet in commercial trade, the manufacturer should ship products from the same batch of the same formulation to each test location. The most recent product quality analysis and an appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) must accompany the product shipment. The shipping documents and the certificate of analysis for each shipment must be archived in the raw data for the report. If the residue testing is being done to register a new use for a commercial product, the Study Director must make sure that the product available in each location is the same formulation and that each different batch encountered has its own certificate of analysis to be archived along with a copy of the label and product quality analysis of the material used for the test. Material shipped in noncommercial containers must... 

The heavy investment in R D, together with the increase in the development cost of a new product as the result of the restrictions introduced by the regulation system as regards safety and effectiveness, make for a high degree of concentration in the sector, as these factors act as barriers to entry. The... 

It is ironic that organic synthesis and separation science are separate disciplines because synthesis and separation are inseparable. The vast majority of organic reactions involve the combination of a substrate with other organic molecules (reagents, reactants, catalysts) to make a new organic product. The synthesis exercise is not complete until the desired product of the reaction has been separated from everything else in the final reaction mixture. Accordingly, the yield of every chemical reaction is limited by both the efficiency of the reaction and the efficiency of the separation. 

The initiation is the same as for 5.5(b). In the propagation part, Sn- abstracts T from C5. The C5 radical then adds to C7 of CO to make a new C7 radical. The C7 radical adds to C2 to make a Cl radical, which adds to Cl of a second equivalent of CO to make a Cl radical. Cl then abstracts H from B SnH to give the product and regenerate B Sn-. 

In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged to make a new chemical substance. The materials you start with are called reactants, and the materials you end with are called products. For a reaction to occur, the bonds in molecules must be broken and new bonds formed. Atoms bond to form molecules by trading or sharing electrons, so when a reaction occurs, electrons are moving around. 

Avoid making a new polymer, keep blending the one with a long production history with other available materials, until the desired properties are obtained. 

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