Maintenance Standard practices

The predictive maintenance VIP is considered by some operating companies and engineering contractors to have become standard practice. For those where it is not already standard practice, this VIP should be initiated in the feasibility phase (FEL-2) and concluded with a formal facilitated workshop and report of recommendations to the project management team. 

An important influence on production cost has, of course, the so-called on-stream factor, the number of production days per year. It is standard practice to assume that a well designed and operated plant should be capable to reach a minimum of 330 days per year, a value on which economic calculations are usually based. Modern plants often achieve higher on-stream factors. A beneficial effect is also that many plants achieve higher capacity than the original design. Plant outages because of operational problems or temporary shut downs for economic reasons because of unfavorable market situation can lower the profitability considerable. The on-stream factor is an average value, because plants should shut down only every 2 to 3 years for a major turn-around for repair and preventive maintenance. Only a very few short unscheduled shut-downs for repair work should occur between two turn-arounds. A start up needs between 15 to 30 hours and consumes a considerable amount of natural gas without an equivalent production (100 000-200 000 DM/d). 

If the modem or atypical antipsychotic agents have superiority to older neuroleptics, this advantage is most important in the long-term treatment of chronic or recurrent psychotic illnesses, where it is standard practice to continue maintenance treatment with moderate and well-tolerated doses of an antipsychotic agent indefinitely, as long as the clinical indications, benefits, and tolerability remain clear. The only agent with securely proven superiority is clozapine. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that modem atypical antipsychotics may yield superior results in long-term treatment, if only due to superior tolerability and adherence to treatment. 

It is hoped that this textbook will not only contribute to the understanding of the wide and challenging subject of pavement engineering but also enable a more effective and economical design, construction and maintenance of pavements by employing updated standards, practices and techniques. 

Standard practices must be established to achieve an economical balance between the cost of the equipment and the cost of maintenance and production losses. These practices may vary in different locations of the same plant as the penalty for eqipment failures, and the severity of the service, vary. 

Illustrating the need for these updates, the previous Electric Power Transmission and Distribution for Constmction standard was issued in 1972 and referenced consensus standards of that time. The later Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution for General Industry (Operation and Maintenance) standard, issued in 1994, also needed updating based on advances in electrical safety technology. Together, the updated standards create a unified and up-to-date set of requirements to help employers more effectively establish work practices to protect their workers. 

Standard Practice for Static Immersion Testing of Unstressed Materitds in Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4) Standard Test Method for Corrosion of Aircraft Metals by Total Immersion in Maintenance Chemicals... 

F2061-12 Standard Practice for Chemical Protective Clothing Wearing, Care, and Maintenance Instmctions... 

Pilot plants are often more hazardous than process plants, even though they are smaller ia size, for many reasons. These iaclude a tendency to relax standard safety review procedures based on the small scale, exceptionally qualified personnel iavolved, and the experimental nature of the research operations the lack of estabhshed operational practice and experience lack of information regarding new materials or processes and lack of effective automatic iatedocks due to the frequendy changing nature of pilot-plant operations, the desire for wide latitude in operating conditions, and the lack of hill-time maintenance personnel. 

Other information may also benefit the PHA. Standard operating procedures for processing equipment, safe work practices, maintenance or job safety analyses, emergency response plans could be appropriate review items for some PHAs depending upon the toll. 

Tolling presents a special consideration that can make the training step easier. Typically a toller s technical staff, operators and mechanics are knowledgeable in the basic operations and tasks related to the toller s specialty. For example, experienced operators may know operations of the reactors, columns, exchangers, and packaging equipment quite well. The mechanical personnel may be very familiar with the required safe work practices, equipment cleaning procedures and maintenance tasks for standard vessels and piping. 

Standard operating procedures, maintenance procedures, emergency response plan procedures, administrative procedures, safe work practices... 

Standard turboexpander-compressor sets designed and manufactured by competent manufactureres embody many of the reliability improvement and maintenance cost reduction features inherent in API (American Petroleum Institute) standards for other turbomachines. To achieve close compliance, however, the owner/purchasers must know their specific needs or requirements. Nevertheless, it may not be practical, feasible, or economically justified to achieve full compliance with API specifications, which were generally devised without giving thought to the peculiarities of turboexpanders and their sometimes differing operating environments. 

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